Il existe plusieurs filtrations intéressantes définies sur la sous-algèbre de Cartan d'une algèbre de Lie simple complexe issues de contextes très variés : l'une est la filtration principale qui provient du dual de Langlands, une autre provient de l'algèbre de Clifford associée à une forme bilinéaire invariante non-dégénérée, une autre encore provient de l'algèbre symétrique et la projection de Chevalley, deux autres enfin proviennent de l'algèbre enveloppante et des projections de Harish-Chandra. Il est connu que toutes ces filtrations coïncident. Ceci résulte des travaux de Rohr, Joseph et Alekseev-Moreau. La relation remarquable entre les filtrations principale et de Clifford fut essentiellement conjecturée par Kostant. L'objectif de ce mémoire de thèse est de proposer une nouvelle démonstration de l'égalité entre les filtrations symétrique et enveloppante pour une algèbre de Lie simple de type A ou C. Conjointement au résultat et Rohr et le théorème d'Alekseev-Moreau, ceci fournit une nouvelle démonstration de la conjecture de Kostant, c'est-à-dire une nouvelle démonstration du théorème de Joseph. Notre démonstration est très différentes de la sienne. Le point clé est d'utiliser une description explicite des invariants via la représentation standard, ce qui est possible en types A et C. Nous décrivons alors les images de leurs différentielles en termes d'objects combinatoires, appelés des chemins pondérés, dans le graphe cristallin de la représentation standard. Les démonstrations pour les types A et C sont assez similaires, mais ne nouveaux phénomènes apparaissent en type C, ce qui rend la démonstration nettement plus délicate dans ce cas. / There are several interesting filtrations on the Cartan subalgebra of a complex simple Lie algebra coming from very different contexts: one is the principal filtration coming from the Langlands dual, one is coming from the Clifford algebra associated with a non-degenerate invariant bilinear form, one is coming from the symmetric algebra and the Chevalley projection, and two other ones are coming from the enveloping algebra and Harish-Chandra projections. It is known that all these filtrations coincide. This results from a combination of works of several authors (Rohr, Joseph, Alekseev-Moreau). The remarkable connection between the principal filtration and the Clifford filtration was essentially conjectured by Kostant. The purpose of this thesis is to establish a new correspondence between the enveloping filtration and the symmetric filtration for a simple Lie algebra of type A or C. Together with Rohr's result and Alekseev-Moreau theorem, this provides another proof of Kostant's conjecture for these types, that is, a new proof of Joseph's theorem. Our proof is very different from his approach. The starting point is to use an explicit description of invariants via the standard representation which is possible in types A and C. Then we describe the images of their differentials by the generalised Chevalley and Harish-Chandra projections in term of combinatorial objects, called weighted paths, in the crystal graph of the standard representation. The proofs for types A and C are quite similar, but there are new phenomenons in type C which makes the proof much more tricky in this case.

In this thesis, we investigate the thermodynamics of the de Sitter static patch in order to extract information which can constrain microscopic models of de Sitter quantum gravity. We begin by reviewing previous works which demonstrate how to make sense of the seemingly ill-defined static patch density of states through the introduction of Harish-Chandra group characters, or equivalently through renormalization with respect to a reference problem in Rindler space. A thermal partition function can then be constructed and expressed in terms of a sum over quasinormal mode frequencies. We recap how, in the scalar case, this partition function is equivalent to a 1-loop sphere path integral, as expected from the Gibbons-Hawking proposal, and provides macroscopic data which microscopic models must be consistent with. We next present novel results dealing with scalar Green functions in de Sitter. After constructing various static patch correlators and showing how they can be obtained from their sphere counterparts, we relate the spectral Green function to the Harish-Chandra characters that we came across before, tying them to observables directly accessible within the static patch. We comment on how this result will allow us to generalize thermodynamic considerations to interacting theoriesand therefore place stronger consistency constraints on microscopic models. We finally generalize our analysis to spinning fields, for which thermal partition functions differ from Euclidean path integrals by edge corrections. We reveal new findings which trace the source of these discrepancies to those quasinormal modes which do not correspond to regular Euclidean solutions, explicitly demonstrating this through several examples. Our results highlight the differences between Lorentzian and Euclidean approaches to de Sitter thermodynamics, and hint at new avenues to pursue in the hopes of providing more consistency constraints.

On étudie la correspondance de Howe entre la catégorie de représentations complexes de G et celle de G’, pour des paires duales irréductibles (G,G’) définis sur des corps finis de caractéristique impaire. On établit la compatibilité entre la correspondance de Howe et les séries arbitraires de Harish-Chandra. On démontre comment obtenir des sous-représentations extrémales (i.e. minimales et maximales) de l’image d’une représentation irréductible unipotente de G. Finalement, on démontre comment l’étude de la correspondance de Howe entre séries d’Harish-Chandra arbitraires peut être ramenée à l’étude des séries unipotentes, et on utilise ceci pour étendre nos résultats sur les représentations extrémales aux représentations irréductibles arbitraires (i.e. pas forcément unipotentes) de G. / We study the Howe correspondence between the category of complex representations of G and that of G’, for irreducible dual pairs (G,G’) over finite fields of odd characteristic. We establish the compatibility between the Howe correspondence and arbitrary Harish-Chandra series. We define and prove the existence of extremal (i.e. minimal and maximal) irreducible sub-representations from the image of irreducible unipotent representations of G. Finally, we prove how the study of the Howe correspondence between arbitrary Harish-Chandra series can be brought to the study of unipotent series, and use this to extend our results on extremal representations to arbitrary (i.e. not necessarily unipotent) irreducible representations of G.