The primary advantage of Class D amplifier is high power efficiency (typically >90%). However, there are two problems in open-loop Class D design: Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) and output dc static current (the power efficiency will be degraded). The THD is rising from non-ideal sample carrier in Pulse Width Modulation circuit, and output dc static current is due to the non-match transfer characteristic in output stage. For designer to have such problems will be a large load. To improve these two problems, we proposed a Class D power amplifier with passive feedback design. Simulation and Measurement results show that the power efficiency is higher than 90% at 250Hz ~ 4KHz. Furthermore, the THD is less than 0.24% at 4 KHz in both simulation and experimental results.

This thesis describes a novel harmonic domain approach for assessing the steady state performance of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices. Existing harmonic analysis techniques are reviewed and used as the basis for a novel iterative harmonic domain model for PWM FACTS devices. The unified Newton formulation adopted uses a combination of positive frequency real valued harmonic and three-phase fundamental frequency power-flow mismatches to characterise a PWM converter system. A dc side mismatch formulation is employed in order to reduce the solution size, something only possible because of the hard switched nature of PWM converters. This computationally efficient formulation permits the study of generalised systems containing multiple FACTS devices. This modular PWM converter block is applied to series, shunt and multi-converter FACTS topologies, with a variety of basic control schemes. Using a three-phase power-flow initialisation and a fixed harmonic Jacobian provides robust convergence to a solution consistent with time domain simulation. By including the power-flow variables in the full harmonic solution the model avoids unnecessary assumptions regarding a fixed (or linearised) operating point, fully modelling system imbalance and the associated non-characteristic harmonics. The capability of the proposed technique is illustrated by considering a range of harmonic interaction mechanisms, both within and between FACTS devices. In particular, the impact of transmission network modelling and operating point variation is investigated with reference to ac and dc side harmonic interaction. The minor role harmonic distortion and over-modulation play in the PWM switching process is finally considered with reference to the associated reduction in system linearity.

This dissertation focuses on the modeling and control of WECS (Wind Energy Conversion System) in a multi-machine system. As one of the fastest growing renewable energy resources, the trend of wind energy changes to variable speed wind turbines. The concept of the variable speed is based on the variable speed according to the instantaneous wind speed of wind turbines. Since the utility grid requires the stable frequency and magnitude voltages, there must be grid interconnection of the wind farm and the utility grid. The grid interconnection must support the concept of the variable speed wind turbines. Since each wind turbine locates in a different location in a wind site, it receives the different wind speed. Hence the grid interconnection must convert the variable frequency and magnitude output voltages of the wind turbines to a synchronous frequency and magnitude voltages associated to the grid. With the new technologies of power semiconductor devices, the power converter can operate with high voltage, high current, and high switching frequency. This results in a higher power capacity of a wind farm. Nonetheless, the power converters generate harmonic distortions to the utility grid. The harmonic distortions components in the voltages and currents of the grid degrade the power quality. This results in the damage of electrical components in the power system such as capacitor banks, inductors, protection devices, etc. The harmonic distortions can be reduced with the technology of the multi-level inverter. It is required that the wind energy provides the real and reactive power control for frequency and voltage stability. In order to achieve the power control, the modeling and control of the power electronic grid interconnection is presented in this dissertation. The grid interconnection is modeled with linearization techniques. The models in frequency domain in the form of transfer functions are used to design the compensators in the control system. The model is considered as a SISO (Single Input Single Output) system to design the compensators in SISO tool of MATLAB. The selected control system is current control that can control the real and reactive powers independently. Furthermore, since the grid interconnection is modeled separately for each sub-system, the control system is verified with integration of the sub-systems. The grid interconnection is modeled in Simulink and simulated in the PSCAD. In reality, the power system is comprised of multi-machines. They affect the power system stability, reliability, and quality. The dynamic modeling of an aggregated wind farm with synchronous generator and grid interconnection in a multi-machine system is presented. The test system is a 10-bus system with three generators and three loads. The dynamic modeling involves the power flow calculations that determine the equilibrium points of the system. The system is modeled with differential equations of wind turbines, synchronous generators, and grid interconnection. The system is modeled in the time domain in state space form. The system characteristics can be determined by poles or eigen values obtained from the characteristic equations. Since the system is MIMO (Multi Input Multi Output) system, the optimal control theory is used to reduce the deviation of system behaviors during disturbances. The LQR (Linear Quadratic Regulator) is utilized to control the system with eigen value assignment method. Simulation results in Simulink are illustrated. / Ph. D.

ITC/USA 2007 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Third Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 22-25, 2007 / Riviera Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / Historically, aircraft power monitoring has required the use of multiple signal conditioning functions to measure various parameters including voltage, current, frequency and phase. This information was then post processed to determine the characteristics of the 3-phase power quality on the aircraft. Recent developments in embedded DSP processors within signalconditioning systems provide the instrumentation engineer with expanded capabilities for realtime on-board power quality monitoring. Advantages include reduced space and bandwidth requirements and minimal wiring intrusion. For each phase, output data may include peak positive and negative voltages and currents, peak-to-peak, average and RMS voltages and currents, phase power (real and apparent), phase power factor, phase period (frequency), phase shift measurement from phase 1 (the reference phase) to phase 2, and from phase 1 to phase 3. In addition, a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is performed on each phase voltage to provide Total Harmonic Distortion measurements. This paper describes the methods employed in the implementation of these functions on a single signal-conditioning card in order to provide detailed information about the power quality of a three-phase aircraft power source.

A Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL) deverá estabelecer a regulamentação para distúrbios de qualidade de energia em um futuro próximo. Há ainda questões em aberto sobre os procedimentos de medição e limites máximos para os indicadores de qualidade de energia. Este trabalho aborda uma dessas questões, que é a conexão de transdutores e os impactos nos índices de qualidade de energia associados. Simulações em ATPDraw e campanhas de medição foram realizadas de modo a identificar o comportamento dos indicadores de distorção harmónica sob as duas configurações possíveis de conexão de transdutores: dois equipamentos com ligação entre fases ou três com ligação fase-neutro. Os resultados das simulações e os valores medidos mostram grandes discrepâncias entre ambas as configurações, e as diferenças tornam-se ainda mais significativas com o incremento do desequilíbrio do sistema elétrico. As causas subjacentes deste fenômeno são investigadas e discutidas / The Brazilian electricity regulatory agency (ANEEL) is expected to establish a legal framework for quality disturbances in the near future. There are still some open questions regarding metering procedures and maximum limits for Power Quality indicators. This work addresses one of such issues, namely the connection of the associated transducers and its impact on PQ indexes. Simulations in ATPDraw and on-field measurement campaigns were carried out so as to identify the behavior of harmonic distortion indicators under the two possible transducer configurations: two phase-to-phase or three phase-to-neutral transducers. Simulation results and measured values show large discrepancies between both configurations, and the differences become more significant as the electrical systems unbalance increases. The underlying causes of this phenomenon are investigated and discussed.

Esta tese discute a necessidade de monitorar, além das tensões eficazes, os desequilíbrios de freqüência fundamental e as distorções harmônicas de tensão. Apresenta uma forma alternativa para obter os parâmetros de desequilíbrios de freqüência fundamental e de distorções harmônicas a partir da representação dos valores instantâneos no sistema de eixos (DQ) e norma Euclidiana instantânea (NEI). Como contribuição principal, o trabalho propõe obter um parâmetro de qualidade que combina os parâmetros de desequilíbrio e de distorção harmônica. A representatividade dos parâmetros de qualidade é analisada a partir de resultados de elevações de temperatura dos enrolamentos de um motor de indução obtidas de 60 horas de testes. Discute-se que uma das vantagens de obter um parâmetro de qualidade de tensão que combine os efeitos de desequilíbrios de freqüência fundamental e distorções harmônicas é reduzir o número de parâmetros que devem ser monitorados, simplificando o processo de fiscalização que os órgãos reguladores procuram implantar. Além disso, o trabalho mostra análises sobre como os distúrbios na tensão afetam um motor de indução e prejudicam sua vida útil e mostra que há outras formas para se obter parâmetros de qualidade de tensão em relação aos métodos convencionais. Finalmente, apresenta a necessidade de estudos futuros para consolidar a proposta de um parâmetro de qualidade que combine os efeitos de distúrbios na tensão relacionados a outros equipamentos. / This thesis outlines the need for monitoring voltage quality, namely fundamental frequency unbalance and harmonic distortions in addition to voltage regulation. It presents an alternative way to obtain voltage fundamental frequency unbalance and harmonic distortion parameters by using the DQ axes system representation applied to instantaneous values and the instantaneous Euclidean norm (IEN). As a main contribution, the work presents a quality parameter that combines the unbalance and harmonic distortion parameters. The representativeness of the quality parameters is analysed based on results of temperature rises in induction motor windings tested during 60 hours. An advantage of obtaining a voltage quality parameter that considers simultaneous effects of both fundamental frequency unbalance and harmonic distortion is the reduction in the number of monitored parameters, thus simplifying the controlling process that regulatory agencies seek to implement. Furthermore, this work shows some analyses on how the voltage disturbances affect an induction motor and reduce its lifetime and shows that there are other forms to compute voltage quality, which are alternatives to conventional methods. Finally, the need for further studies to consolidate the proposal of a quality parameter that combines voltage disturbances effects related to other pieces of equipment is discussed.

Esta tese discute a necessidade de monitorar, além das tensões eficazes, os desequilíbrios de freqüência fundamental e as distorções harmônicas de tensão. Apresenta uma forma alternativa para obter os parâmetros de desequilíbrios de freqüência fundamental e de distorções harmônicas a partir da representação dos valores instantâneos no sistema de eixos (DQ) e norma Euclidiana instantânea (NEI). Como contribuição principal, o trabalho propõe obter um parâmetro de qualidade que combina os parâmetros de desequilíbrio e de distorção harmônica. A representatividade dos parâmetros de qualidade é analisada a partir de resultados de elevações de temperatura dos enrolamentos de um motor de indução obtidas de 60 horas de testes. Discute-se que uma das vantagens de obter um parâmetro de qualidade de tensão que combine os efeitos de desequilíbrios de freqüência fundamental e distorções harmônicas é reduzir o número de parâmetros que devem ser monitorados, simplificando o processo de fiscalização que os órgãos reguladores procuram implantar. Além disso, o trabalho mostra análises sobre como os distúrbios na tensão afetam um motor de indução e prejudicam sua vida útil e mostra que há outras formas para se obter parâmetros de qualidade de tensão em relação aos métodos convencionais. Finalmente, apresenta a necessidade de estudos futuros para consolidar a proposta de um parâmetro de qualidade que combine os efeitos de distúrbios na tensão relacionados a outros equipamentos. / This thesis outlines the need for monitoring voltage quality, namely fundamental frequency unbalance and harmonic distortions in addition to voltage regulation. It presents an alternative way to obtain voltage fundamental frequency unbalance and harmonic distortion parameters by using the DQ axes system representation applied to instantaneous values and the instantaneous Euclidean norm (IEN). As a main contribution, the work presents a quality parameter that combines the unbalance and harmonic distortion parameters. The representativeness of the quality parameters is analysed based on results of temperature rises in induction motor windings tested during 60 hours. An advantage of obtaining a voltage quality parameter that considers simultaneous effects of both fundamental frequency unbalance and harmonic distortion is the reduction in the number of monitored parameters, thus simplifying the controlling process that regulatory agencies seek to implement. Furthermore, this work shows some analyses on how the voltage disturbances affect an induction motor and reduce its lifetime and shows that there are other forms to compute voltage quality, which are alternatives to conventional methods. Finally, the need for further studies to consolidate the proposal of a quality parameter that combines voltage disturbances effects related to other pieces of equipment is discussed.

A Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL) deverá estabelecer a regulamentação para distúrbios de qualidade de energia em um futuro próximo. Há ainda questões em aberto sobre os procedimentos de medição e limites máximos para os indicadores de qualidade de energia. Este trabalho aborda uma dessas questões, que é a conexão de transdutores e os impactos nos índices de qualidade de energia associados. Simulações em ATPDraw e campanhas de medição foram realizadas de modo a identificar o comportamento dos indicadores de distorção harmónica sob as duas configurações possíveis de conexão de transdutores: dois equipamentos com ligação entre fases ou três com ligação fase-neutro. Os resultados das simulações e os valores medidos mostram grandes discrepâncias entre ambas as configurações, e as diferenças tornam-se ainda mais significativas com o incremento do desequilíbrio do sistema elétrico. As causas subjacentes deste fenômeno são investigadas e discutidas / The Brazilian electricity regulatory agency (ANEEL) is expected to establish a legal framework for quality disturbances in the near future. There are still some open questions regarding metering procedures and maximum limits for Power Quality indicators. This work addresses one of such issues, namely the connection of the associated transducers and its impact on PQ indexes. Simulations in ATPDraw and on-field measurement campaigns were carried out so as to identify the behavior of harmonic distortion indicators under the two possible transducer configurations: two phase-to-phase or three phase-to-neutral transducers. Simulation results and measured values show large discrepancies between both configurations, and the differences become more significant as the electrical systems unbalance increases. The underlying causes of this phenomenon are investigated and discussed.

As power electronic based controllers and loads become more prevalent in power systems, there is a growing concern about how the harmonics generated by these controllers and loads affect the power quality of the system. One widely used power electronic based load is the Variable Frequency Drive (VFDs) used to vary the speed of an induction motor; whereas a common example of a power electronic based controller used in power systems is the Static VAR Compensator (SVC) for improving a system’s power factor. In this thesis, the harmonic content and overall performance of a system including both a VFD and a SVC will be studied and analyzed. Specifically, the cases of no compensation, static capacitor compensation, and power electronic based static VAR compensation are examined. A small-scale model of a system for study was constructed in lab. Several cases were then performed and tested to simulate a system which contained both fixed and power electronic based harmonic generating loads. The performance of each case was determined by total harmonic current and voltage distortions, true power factor, and RMS current levels at different points in the system.

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