Thesis (MTech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. / High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission is a safe and efficient technology designed to deliver large amounts of electrical power over long distances with minimal losses and at low costs. HVDC links require converters and filters at both terminal stations. The core component of the HVDC system is the power converter that connects the DC and AC systems together. The conversion from AC to DC, and vice versa, is achieved mainly through electronic switches called thyristors. The thyristor-based Line Commutated Converter (LCC) is a mature and trusted technology for HVDC transmission throughout the world. HVDC converters are bidirectional and can function in either rectification (AC to DC) or inversion mode (DC to AC). This is achieved when the voltage polarity across the converter gets swapped by the controllers, because current cannot change its direction in thyristors. In this thesis an analytical model of the HVDC converters is developed in the frequency domain by modelling it in DIgSILENT. The objective is to study the harmonics induced to the AC side from HVDC converters. Therefore, it is important in the real world to understand the principles, what causes harmonics to be generated in HVDC and transferred to the HVAC system. The objective of this thesis is to investigate the effectiveness of mitigation techniques used, on how they reduce harmonics by keeping these harmonic levels within specified values admissible by international standards (e.g. IEEE, etc).

Este trabalho apresenta o projeto e implementação de um sistema UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) Line-Interactive monofásico com compensação ativa de potência série e paralela, o qual realiza a supressão de harmônicos e compensação de afundamentos e elevações da tensão da rede elétrica, além de manter a tensão na carga regulada. Adicionalmente, a UPS atua na compensação de potência reativa e supressão dos harmônicos de corrente da carga, resultando em uma efetiva correção do fator de potência. Desse modo, com a rede elétrica presente, a UPS opera como filtro ativo universal realizando a compensação da corrente de entrada, bem como da tensão de saída. Quando a rede elétrica está ausente, a UPS alimenta a carga com tensão regulada e com baixa taxa de distorção harmônica. Para este fim, dois conversores monofásicos PWM são empregados, sendo estes chamados de filtro ativo série (FAS), o qual atua como fonte de corrente senoidal e o filtro ativo paralelo (FAP), o qual atua como fonte de tensão senoidal, ambos controlados para operar em fase com a tensão da rede. Com o objetivo de extrair a corrente de referência senoidal de compensação, usada no controle do FAS, é utilizado um algoritmo baseado no sistema de eixo de referência síncrona (SRF-Synchronous Reference Frame). Para a obtenção da referência da tensão senoidal de saída, assim como as coordenadas do vetor unitário síncrono utilizados pelo algoritmo SRF, um sistema de detecção de ângulo de fase (PLL-Phase Locked Loop) monofásico é utilizado. Ensaios experimentais, bem como simulações computacionais são realizados a fim de confirmar o desenvolvimento teórico e avaliar o desempenho dinâmico e estático do sistema UPS. / This work presents a single-phase Line-interactive UPS System implementation with series and parallel active power-line compensation, which performs harmonic suppression and voltage sag/swell compensation of the utility voltage, as well as maintaining the output voltage regulated. Additionally, the UPS performs reactive power compensation and harmonic suppression of the load current, resulting in an effective power-factor correction. Thereby, when the incoming power grid is present, the UPS works as a universal active power filter compensating the input current and output voltage. On the other hand, when an outage occurs, the UPS feeds the load with regulated and harmonic free voltage. For this purpose, two single-phase PWM converters are employed, which are referred as series active power filter (SAPF), which acts as a sinusoidal current source, and parallel active power filter (PAPF), which acts as a sinusoidal voltage source. Both the APFs are controlled to be in phase with the input voltage. In order to extract the sinusoidal compensation reference current, used in SAPF control, an algorithm based on synchronous reference frame (SRF) is used. The sinusoidal output voltage reference and the coordinates of the synchronous vector are obtained by using a phase-locked loop (PLL) algorithm. Experimental results and computational simulations are presented to confirm the theoretical development and evaluate both the dynamic and steady state behavior of the UPS system.

Este trabalho apresenta o projeto e implementação de um sistema UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) Line-Interactive monofásico com compensação ativa de potência série e paralela, o qual realiza a supressão de harmônicos e compensação de afundamentos e elevações da tensão da rede elétrica, além de manter a tensão na carga regulada. Adicionalmente, a UPS atua na compensação de potência reativa e supressão dos harmônicos de corrente da carga, resultando em uma efetiva correção do fator de potência. Desse modo, com a rede elétrica presente, a UPS opera como filtro ativo universal realizando a compensação da corrente de entrada, bem como da tensão de saída. Quando a rede elétrica está ausente, a UPS alimenta a carga com tensão regulada e com baixa taxa de distorção harmônica. Para este fim, dois conversores monofásicos PWM são empregados, sendo estes chamados de filtro ativo série (FAS), o qual atua como fonte de corrente senoidal e o filtro ativo paralelo (FAP), o qual atua como fonte de tensão senoidal, ambos controlados para operar em fase com a tensão da rede. Com o objetivo de extrair a corrente de referência senoidal de compensação, usada no controle do FAS, é utilizado um algoritmo baseado no sistema de eixo de referência síncrona (SRF-Synchronous Reference Frame). Para a obtenção da referência da tensão senoidal de saída, assim como as coordenadas do vetor unitário síncrono utilizados pelo algoritmo SRF, um sistema de detecção de ângulo de fase (PLL-Phase Locked Loop) monofásico é utilizado. Ensaios experimentais, bem como simulações computacionais são realizados a fim de confirmar o desenvolvimento teórico e avaliar o desempenho dinâmico e estático do sistema UPS. / This work presents a single-phase Line-interactive UPS System implementation with series and parallel active power-line compensation, which performs harmonic suppression and voltage sag/swell compensation of the utility voltage, as well as maintaining the output voltage regulated. Additionally, the UPS performs reactive power compensation and harmonic suppression of the load current, resulting in an effective power-factor correction. Thereby, when the incoming power grid is present, the UPS works as a universal active power filter compensating the input current and output voltage. On the other hand, when an outage occurs, the UPS feeds the load with regulated and harmonic free voltage. For this purpose, two single-phase PWM converters are employed, which are referred as series active power filter (SAPF), which acts as a sinusoidal current source, and parallel active power filter (PAPF), which acts as a sinusoidal voltage source. Both the APFs are controlled to be in phase with the input voltage. In order to extract the sinusoidal compensation reference current, used in SAPF control, an algorithm based on synchronous reference frame (SRF) is used. The sinusoidal output voltage reference and the coordinates of the synchronous vector are obtained by using a phase-locked loop (PLL) algorithm. Experimental results and computational simulations are presented to confirm the theoretical development and evaluate both the dynamic and steady state behavior of the UPS system.

Orientador: Walmir de Freitas Filho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T14:56:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SallesCorrea_Diogo_D.pdf: 3415156 bytes, checksum: 7835be5cca9af3b1ec11e37200c2f1d3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A penetração em massa de equipamentos eletrônicos de maior eficiência energética em residências está resultando em distorções significativas das formas de onda de tensão e corrente dos modernos sistemas de distribuição. Há uma necessidade crescente de técnicas que permitam determinar o impacto coletivo destas cargas residenciais nos níveis de distorção harmônica. Tais técnicas podem ser usadas, por exemplo, para prever os impactos da adoção em massa de lâmpadas fluorescentes compactas. Nesse contexto, esta tese de doutorado propõe uma técnica probabilística para avaliação do impacto dessas cargas residenciais na qualidade de energia tanto no primário como no secundário dos sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica. O método modela individualmente e de forma estocástica as injeções harmônicas dos típicos eletrodomésticos a partir da distribuição da probabilidade de que cada aparelho seja ligado, a qual foi obtida a partir da pesquisa de dados de comportamento de carga. O resultado é um circuito elétrico equivalente harmônico variável no tempo representando uma casa residencial. Além disso, um modelo probabilístico para transformadores de distribuição foi desenvolvido através da combinação do transformador e das casas conectadas. Resultados de medições de campo confirmaram a validade da modelagem proposta. Em seguida, a metodologia proposta foi aplicada para investigar o impacto de tais cargas residenciais sobre a qualidade de energia dos sistemas de distribuição, tanto no primário como no secundário. Impactos como distorção harmônica na tensão e corrente; carregamento do transformador; elevação da tensão e corrente do neutro; interferência telefônica foram avaliados. A evolução dos impactos ao longo dos próximos anos, a partir de dados de tendências de mercado, também foi determinada. Adicionalmente, realizaram-se estudos para verificar a eficácia de duas soluções possíveis para mitigar distorção harmônica, sendo que a primeira consistiu em adotar os limites de emissão harmônica definidos pelo guia técnico IEC; e a segunda consistiu na instalação de filtros harmônicos no primário do sistema de distribuição / Abstract: The proliferation of electronic-based residential loads has resulted in significant harmonic distortion in the voltages and currents of distribution power systems. There is an urgent need for techniques that can determine the collective harmonic impact of these modern residential loads. Such techniques can be used, for example, to predict the harmonic effects of widespread adoption of compact fluorescent lights (CFLs). In response to this need, this PhD thesis proposes a versatile Monte Carlo simulation method for evaluating the potential impact of such residential loads on the harmonic levels of power distribution systems. The method models the random harmonic current injections of residential loads by simulating their operating states. This is done by determining the switch-on probability of a residential load based on load research results. The result is a time-varying harmonic equivalent circuit representing a residential house. By combining multiple residential houses supplied from a service transformer, a probabilistic model for service transformers is also derived. Field measurement results confirmed the validity of the proposed technique. The proposed methodology is applied to a typical distribution system for evaluating the impact of residential loads on several power quality aspects. The results of different case studies proved to be valuable in answering the following questions: (1) What are the potential power quality impacts of distributed nonlinear residential loads on primary and secondary power distribution systems? The example impacts include voltage distortion, zero sequence harmonics, neutral voltage/current rise, telephone interference, metering error, increased losses, overloading of distribution transformers. (2) How serious the impacts will become when more and more energy efficient appliances and consumer electronics penetrates into the residential loads? (3) If the consequence is of concern, what are the strategies and options available for utilities to manage the problem? / Doutorado / Energia Eletrica / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

M.Tech. (Electrical and Electronic Engineering) / With the increasing use of nonlinear loads in power systems, harmonic pollution becomes more frequent with disastrous consequences on the electrical network and other loads. Harmonic currents cause problems such as system resonance, protective relays and switchgear malfunction, communication interference, incorrect meter, equipment and process failure, over heating of transmission and distribution systems, insulation degradation and power transformer failure. It appears therefore absolutely essential to determine the current profile of the loads connected to the same Point of Common Coupling (PCC). This study aims to assess a distorted power system in order to determine the characteristics components of distorted waveforms (DC components, fundamental and harmonics components), and to quantify the respective distortion contributions in the power network. The numerical method is applied to analyse the current waveforms captured with the aid of the digital scope meter (DSO) 1200 series at different sections of the network. The power network under study is designed, constructed and analysed with the MatLab/Simulink 7.0 package. In both methods, the Individual Harmonic Distortion (IHD) and the current total harmonic distortion (ITHD) for the line, the non-linear and linear loads are computed for the harmonic components 5th, 7th, 11th and 13th. The results showed that for the analysis of the power system, numerical analysis based on the resultant harmonic curve method and the MatLab/Simulink as applied to the network all converged to highlight that harmonic components appear both on the line, the PCC and the linear load. This is due to the fact that the converter characteristic harmonics (5th, 7th, 11th, 13th…) are found in the network components (line, PCC, linear load…). The resultant harmonic curve method indicated a randomly distributed percentage IHD in different sections of the network for harmonic orders higher than 7th, whereas the Matlab/Simulink results normally show a non-uniform decay pattern of the IHD as the harmonic order increases within the respective section of the network.

published_or_final_version / Electrical and Electronic Engineering / Master / Master of Philosophy

A model of the accurate harmonic allocation methods is developed to improve the current emission limits of IEEE Std.519. IEC 61000-3-6 and IEEE Std. 519 have by now been accepted as two well known standards for interconnecting the MV and HV-EHV customers to utility systems and widely adopted as standards to many power utilities. It is worth noting that the harmonic current emission limits of both standards have not been compared and justified with analytical proofs because there is still no explanation that discusses the origin of the emission limits in IEEE Std. 519, or the complex feature of IEC 61000-3-6. Two new novel methods of allocating the harmonic current emission limits for MV customers and HV-EHV customers have been proposed. Both methods have been developed in accordance with the principles of IEC 61000-3-6. Task II has compared and investgated the emission limits of both IEC 61000-3-6 and IEEE Std. 519. The difference, inconsistency and inaccuracy have been proven with the perspective of practical evaluations based on their own principles. The investigations focus on the specific numerical proofs of the resulting voltage distortions and the current emission limits in the MV and HV-EHV systems rather than on the philosophies. The proposed methods strongly support IEC 61000-3-6 and IEEE Std. 519, and add to their value; these methods could also help utilities allocate fairly and accurately harmonic emission limits to their MV and HV-EHV customers.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1997. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 76-80). Also available on the Internet.

Thèse (M.Eng.) -- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2007. / La p. de t. porte en outre: Mémoire présenté comme exigence partielle de la maîtrise en ingénierie. CaQCU Bibliogr.: f. [121]-124. Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1997. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 76-80). Also available on the Internet.