Harmony is the aspect of music concerned with the structure, progression, and relation of chords. In Western tonal music each period had different rules and practices of harmony. Similarly some composers and musicians are recognised for their characteristic harmonic patterns which differ from the chord sequences used by other musicians of the same period or genre. This thesis is concerned with the automatic induction of the harmony rules and patterns underlying a genre, a composer, or more generally a 'style'. Many of the existing approaches for music classification or pattern extraction make use of statistical methods which present several limitations. Typically they are black boxes, can not be fed with background knowledge, do not take into account the intricate temporal dimension of the musical data, and ignore rare but informative events. To overcome these limitations we adopt first-order logic representations of chord sequences and Inductive Logic Programming techniques to infer models of style. We introduce a fixed length representation of chord sequences similar to n-grams but based on first-order logic, and use it to characterise symbolic corpora of pop and jazz music. We extend our knowledge representation scheme using context-free definite-clause grammars, which support chord sequences of any length and allow to skip ornamental chords, and test it on genre classification problems, on both symbolic and audio data. Through these experiments we also compare various chord and harmony characteristics such as degree, root note, intervals between root notes, chord labels and assess their characterisation and classification accuracy, expressiveness, and computational cost. Moreover we extend a state- of-the-art genre classifier based on low-level audio features with such harmony-based models and prove that it can lead to statistically significant classification improvements. We show our logic-based modelling approach can not only compete with and improve on statistical approaches but also provides expressive, transparent and musicologically meaningful models of harmony which makes it suitable for knowledge discovery purposes.

Thesis--Boston University. / Vita. Bibliography: p. 646-668.

Orientador: Marcos Siqueira Cavalcante / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T05:54:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rays_LuisGustavoCarvalhoAlonso_M.pdf: 2693608 bytes, checksum: 167ef33239dc3914202a9968eab2e195 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-17T02:54:23Z / Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta e analisa os elementos musicais pertencentes aos diferentes estilos e gêneros que caracterizam a obra do compositor e músico brasileiro Djalma de Andrade, mais conhecido nos meios musicais como "Bola Sete", evidenciados neste trabalho pela notável influência do jazz em suas composições e os reflexos de sua vida pessoal, como a sua origem humilde, sua dedicação à arte como meio de sobrevivência, sua espiritualidade, a busca do reconhecimento profissional em outros países e as parcerias com importantes músicos seus contemporâneos, pois estamos cientes da importância e necessidade de contribuir para com a historiografia da música brasileira, bem como da carência de trabalhos direcionados à interpretação das obras para o violão. Os elementos acima mencionados que marcaram o estilo deste músico no cenário musical na segunda metade do século XX, de certa forma ajudaram a construir a cultura popular musical brasileira, consolidada por outros personagens de nosso país. Os achados desta pesquisa tiveram como fonte principal o acervo particular Anne Sete, a viúva do compositor, que despreendidamente contemplounos com informações privadas como cartas, partituras, gravações e recortes de jornais e revistas contendo artigos que retratam a trajetória deste incomparável músico, tendo em vista que sua vida e obra são pouco conhecidas no meio acadêmico. O primeiro capítulo desta pesquisa recupera a trajetória pessoal e profissional do compositor e músico objeto desta investigação apresentando uma apreciação crítica dessas fontes bibliográficas. No segundo capítulo realizamos um estudo detalhado dos elementos musicais que caracterizam as composições de Djalma de Andrade identificando as suas sugestões interpretativas e apresentando os exemplos musicais em seus diferentes estilos e gêneros, observando, principalmente, a influência do jazz em suas composições. No terceiro capítulo, transcrevemos e analisamos algumas das obras, selecionadas a partir da sua importância na discografia nacional e internacional, pois, além de pesquisar e exemplificar os dados colhidos, ilustrando as reflexões sobre os elementos que caracterizam a obra do músico Djalma de Andrade, o Bola Sete, atendemos ao objetivo principal deste trabalho que é apresentar um estudo do repertório escrito para violão por este artista e incentivar novas criações e aperfeiçoamentos musicais que contribuam para a evolução e a inovação musical de nosso tempo / Abstract: This dissertation analyses the musical elements that belong to the different styles and genres that characterize the work of Djalma de Andrade, a Brazilian composer and musician, who is best known as "Bola Sete". This piece aims to exemplify the notable Jazz influences in the musicians work, as well as his personal life, his humble origins, his dedication to art as a means of survival, his spirituality, the search for professional recognition in other countries and the collaboration with other important musicians - for we are aware of the importance of contributing to the history of Brazilian music, as well as the lack of work that aims to interpret the art of the acoustic guitar. The elements above mentioned that marked the style of Djalma de Andrade in the second half of the 20th century, in many ways helped build the popular Brazilian musical culture, consolidated as well, by other characters of this country. The main reference for this research was the personal archive of Anne Sete, Djalma's widow, who unselfishly provided personal information such as letters and newspaper clippings containing the trajectory of this incomparable musician. We would like to point out that his life and work are not well known in academic circles. The first chapter of this research uncovers the musician's personal and professional trajectory with a critical appreciation of the archival material. The second chapter consists of a detailed study of the elements that were key in Djalma de Andrade's compositions - identifying interpretive suggestions and presenting musical examples of his different styles and genres. But mostly, we aim to reveal the jazz influence in his compositions. The third chapter is a transcription and analysis of a selection of his work, chosen due to their importance in the national and international repertoire. We have researched and exemplified the data, pondering about the elements that characterize the work of Djalma de Andrade, "Bola Sete" - but our main focus was to study the artist's acoustic guitar repertoire and hopefully inspire new work that contribute to the musical evolution and innovation of our times / Mestrado / Musica / Mestre em Música

Orientador: Claudiney Rodrigues Carrasco / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T11:23:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Freitas_SergioPauloRibeirode_D.pdf: 99460171 bytes, checksum: e7e72fd118735dce6334d35e1483a8de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Harmonia, práticas teóricas e o estudo de planos tonais em música popular Situando a pergunta central - que acorde ponho aqui? - no âmbito das práticas teóricas da harmonia tonal, o presente estudo examina criticamente algumas respostas possíveis procurando perscrutar diferentes motivações, procedências, contextos, concepções, saberes, argumentos e justificativas que, entremeadas, discordantes e concordantes, animam os discursos e as ações de escolha que dão respostas para perguntas como esta. O tom coloquial da questão abrevia um entrelaçado de tópicos que, com diferentes formulações, ramificações, ênfases e abordagens, são mais ou menos recorrentes nos programas pedagógicos, técnicos, teóricos, analíticos, valorativos e artísticos da nossa disciplina. Deste entrelaçado ganha enfoque mais delimitado aqui uma problemática que pode ser enunciada assim: quais são, onde se encontram, no que se fundamentam as escolhas e como se combinam em sucessão os tons vizinhos (áreas tonais, regiões, tonalidades) e acordes principais que, propositadamente dispostos em média e larga escala, referenciando a concordância dos acordes coadjuvantes (meios de preparação) e demais alturas (notas adjacentes, tensões, escalas, modos, etc.), contribuem na efetivação das "funções estruturais" (relações entre a função harmônica e a incumbência formal dos segmentos) numa obra musical harmônica e tonal? A proposição que acompanha esta delimitação é a de que, a arte e ofício de escolher e combinar acordes em planos tonais, em diversas e controversas medidas e das mais variadas maneiras, não se aparta das práticas teóricas que intentam balizar tal conhecimento e competência. E essas relações dinâmicas de vinculação e desvinculação entre os feitos e fazeres da harmonia e os feitos e fazeres da sua teoria são observadas aqui como uma espécie de principal questão transversal. Os Capítulos 1 a 6 cuidam da revisão, da contextualização, do levantamento e cruzamento circunstanciado de referências, do repertório e da memória teórica e poética, do questionamento e discussão a respeito de determinadas abordagens interpretativas sobre assuntos como: os fundamentos diatônicos da tonalidade, a atribuição funcional dos acordes e áreas tonais, a inclusão teórico-normativa de acordes não diatônicos, os meios de preparação alterados e as vizinhanças de terceira que envolvem transformações cromáticas. Os Capítulos 7 e 8 propõem e avaliam um modelo pré-analítico para o estudo comparado de planos tonais complexos. Trata-se de um ferramental para-musical voltado para a experimentação, produção, análise e crítica que visa favorecer a macro-confrontação dos lugares de chegada dispostos em obras tonais que, no cenário da música popular "tortuosa", alcançam seus efeitos contando com a mistura de determinados diatonismos / Abstract: Harmony, theoretical practices and the study of tonal planes in popular music Examining the core question - which chord should I use here? - within the context of theoretical practices of tonal harmony, this study critically examines some potential answers attempting to explore different motivations, origins, contexts, conceptions, knowledge, arguments and justifications that, when intermixed, both discordant and accordant, stimulate argumentation and choice?making to answer these types of questions. The colloquial tone of the issue at hand reveals a web of intertwining topics with different formulations, branches, emphases, and approaches that are somewhat recurrent in the pedagogical, technical, theoretical, analytical, evaluative, and artistic areas of the discipline. From this web structure, the problem takes on a more bounded focus which might be described as follows: what are the possible choices, where are they, and on what criteria are they based, and how are related tonalities (tonal areas, regions) and main chords arranged in succession, which, purposely arranged in mean and large scale and referencing the accordance of the adjunct chords (means of preparation) and other pitches (adjacent notes, tensions, scales, modes, etc.), contribute to the execution of "structural functions" (relationships between harmonic function and the formal role of the segments) in a harmonic and tonal piece of music? The proposition accompanying this delineation is such that the art and the task of choosing and arranging chords in tonal planes in several conflicting measures and in the most varied forms does not depart from theoretical practices that attempt to define such knowledge and competence. These dynamic relationships of binding and unbinding between acts and actions of harmony and acts and actions according to the theory are considered a central issue. Chapters 1 through 6 deal with review, contextualization, identification, and detailed comparison of references; repertoire and theoretical and poetic memory; questioning and discussion regarding certain interpretative approaches on such subjects as: the diatonic basis of tonality, the functional attribution of chords and tonal areas, the inclusion of theoretical?normative non?diatonic chords, the altered means of preparation and third relations that involve chromatic transformations. Chapters 7 and 8 propose and evaluate a pre-analytical model for the comparative study of complex tonal planes. This deals with a para-musical tool aimed at experimentation, production, analysis, and review, which attempts to support the macro confrontation of final locations arranged in tonal works that, within the context of "tortuous" popular music, achieve their results by mixing certain diatonicisms / Doutorado / Fundamentos Teoricos / Doutor em Música

Goal of this master thesis is to study harmonization based on knowledge of given melody and to design a system which will meaningfully automate this activity. In the work there is covered basics of music theory needed for this topic and previous other approaches to this problematic. There is also covered machine learning, neural networks and recurrent neural networks. In the end, there is outlined design of the system, how to make it work and how to use it. Three experiments were executed with the system. Harmonization of the melodies were unpleasant though. A possible cause might be relatively small used neural network of the system.

Goal of this master thesis is to study harmonization based on knowledge of given melody and to design a system which will meaningfully automate this activity. In the work there is covered basics of music theory needed for this topic and previous other approaches to this problematic. There is also covered machine learning, neural networks and recurrent neural networks. In the end, there is outlined design of the system, how to make it work and how to use it. Four experiments were executed with the system. Harmonization of the short melodies were unpleasant. Harmonization of longer melodies were overall more successful though. A possible cause might be relatively small used neural network of the system.