Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Graduation date: 1993

Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1994. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 70-80). Also available via the Internet.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1979 M25 / Master of Science

The use of foggage as winter feed for animal maintenance is unlikely to totally replace hay and/or silage, but should be used as an alternative for the early winter. The most important objective in producing foggage is to feed animals to at least maintain body weight through the winter season. As foggage is generally not a high quality feed, it usually can not be used for producing animals without supplementation. Using foggage can also mininise expensive inputs, such as labour and machinery. This is the single most outstanding advantage of using pasture foggage over hay, haylage, crop residues or silage. Although pastures also have establishment and fertilizer costs, these are less than costs associated with intensive annual crops. Many pastures are also perennial, which means less establishment costs. This emphasises the importance for less intensive farming systems. Depending on what the objectives of the farmer are, he can manage foggage to produce a high yield with a lower quality or vice versa. Thus it is critical to maintain a balance between yield and quality. Foggage quality was inversely related to the growing season after the pasture was closed-up and thus the quality will be lower with earlier closing-up time. Fertilisation, especially with nitrogen, will increase the nutritive value of the product (6% - 12%CP). The aim of this study was to determine which pasture provides the best foggage in different scenarios. The conclusion is, therefore, that a farmer must first decide on his management plan and where his foggage will fit in. Then it is recommended to choose the species (or accession) that is best adapted to his specific area of farming. Silk sorghum and Coastcross II had the best yields recorded. Smutsfinger grass was very palatable, had high digestibility and would, therefore, be recommended for quality in the higher rainfall eastern parts of the country. Because of their drought resistance, Molopo and Kleingrass will be recommended for the warmer areas with less rainfall and Molopo especially for small farmers who lack overall grazing management skills or infrastructure. / Dissertation (MSc (Agric) Pasture Science)--University of Pretoria, 2002. / Plant Production and Soil Science / unrestricted

Twenty-five multiparous cows in their second trimester of lactation were randomly assigned in a 5 x 5 latin square rotation to five silages: control (N), chopped added (CA), ground added (GA), chopped ensiled (CE), and ground ensiled (GE). Chopped (2-6 cm) or ground (< .5 cm) hay was added to corn green chop at 12.5% of the total forage dry matter before ensiling (CE and GE). Chopped or ground hay was also added to the control silage at the same rate prior to feeding (CA and GA). Silages were supplemented to contain 14% crude protein and 1.67 Mcal/kg on a dry matter basis and fed as a total mixed ration. Hay-containing rations averaged 22% ADF, compared to 20% ADF in the control ration. Each cow received the assigned ration for three weeks and milk samples were collected on days 19 and 20 of each feeding period. Means ± S.E. for N, CA, GA, CE and GE were: percent milk fat 3.07 ± .08, 3.31 ± .09, 3.37 ± .08, 3.28 ± .08; percent total solids 11.7 ± .11, 11.8 ± .12, 11.9 ± .12, 12.02 ± .13, 11.94 ± .12; and dry matter intake per kg metabolic body weight .170 ± .003, .161 ± .003, .163 ± .004, .158 ± .004, .166 ± .004, respectively. Percent milk fat was significantly higher in rations CE, CA, and GE when compared to N. Milk production and percent milk protein did not differ. The results indicate increased milk fat production when chopped hay (added or ensiled) or ground hay (ensiled) is included in corn silage based rations for dairy cattle. Whether chopped or ground, hay added at time of ensiling tended to stimulate milk fat production more than hay added just prior to feeding. The beneficial effect of increased hay fiber length on milk fat production was evident whether hay was ensiled with or added to corn silage. / M.S.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of daily (D) vs alternate day (AD) supplementation of soybean meal (SBM) or wheat middlings (WM) on forage organic matter intake (OMI), ruminal digesta kinetics, total tract digestibility, and ADG of steers consuming low quality forage. In Exp. 1, five Angus x Hereford steers (403 �� 32 kg) fitted with rumen cannulas were utilized in a 5 x 5 Latin square design. Steers were individually fed low-quality (5.3% CP) fescue hay ad libitum and were randomly assigned to one of five treatments: no supplement (CON); WM fed daily (WMD); WM fed every other day (WMAD); SBM fed daily (SBMD); and SBM fed every other day (SBMAD). Supplements were formulated to meet 100% of degradable intake protein (DIP) and metabolizable protein (MP) requirements. Supplementation increased (P<0.05) hay and total OMI (g���kg��������BW�����) and total OM digestibility (%) compared to CON. Daily supplementation increased (P<0.05) hay and total OMI and hay and total OM digestibility when compared with AD supplementation. Hay OMI and hay OM digestibility was greater (P<0.01) for SBM compared to WM, but total OMI and total OM digestibility was not different (P>0.38). In Exp. 2, 96 Angus crossbred steers (280 �� 32 kg) were blocked by weight (three groups) into 12 pens in a randomized complete block design. Steers were fed low-quality (6.2% CP) fescue straw ad libitum, and one of four supplements formulated to meet 100% of the DIP requirements: WM fed daily (WMD); WM fed 3d/week (WMAD); SBM fed daily (SBMD); and SBM fed 3d/week (SBMAD). Straw OMI was greater (P<0.03) for D compared with AD supplemented treatments and for SBM compared with WM supplemented treatments. Total OMI was greater (P<0.01) for D compared with AD supplemented treatments, however, SBM had similar total OMI when compared with WM supplemented treatments. Daily supplemented steers had greater (P=0.03) ADG when compared with AD supplemented steers. Despite having lower forage intake and similar total OMI, steers consuming WM had higher (P<0.01) ADG when compared to steers consuming SBM. / Graduation date: 2003

Thesis (M. Sc.)(Animal Science)--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references. Available on the Internet via the World Wide Web.

Zugl.: Berlin, Freie Univ., Diss., 2007 / "The aim of this work was to characterize the HCO₃⁻ Transport of the omasum and to look for possible alterations after the change from hay to concentrate feeding."

El presente estudio de pre-factibilidad está orientado a la instalación de una planta productora de pellets de heno de alfalfa, localizada en la ciudad de Lima-Perú. Éste estudio es relevante como proyecto de investigación en ingeniería industrial porque integra y relaciona todos los elementos que constituyen un sistema o proceso: personas, tecnología, máquinas, materiales e información, con el fin de optimizar tanto el rendimiento como la calidad de producción del sector industrial de alimentos balanceados para animales pecuarios. Ello permitirá reducir sus costos de producción respetando los factores medioambientales para de un adecuado desarrollo sostenible. / Trabajo de investigación