香港醫療衛生發展的論述，通常至1941年便停止，然後由1945年重新探討，跳過了二次大戰期間的日治時代。雖然有大量關於英軍回憶、遊擊隊、一些口述歷史等的研究書籍，但這時期仍未得到充分的關注，尤其在社會發展方面。本文以《香港日報》為主要材料，嘗試析述被忽略的日治醫療衛生史。 / 有關戰前香港醫療衛生的史觀，主要有「殖民醫學」與「殖民現代性」兩套理論。前者認為殖民力量將西醫強加於本地社會；後者則強調殖民統治帶來的正面作用，和殖民地有其獨特形式的現代性。直至日治前夕，香港的中西醫仍較為對等，中醫在民間有極大支持；西醫在政府政策上享有優勢。然而戰後出現的卻是另一景象，無論民間或政府皆接受西醫為主流醫學，中醫則潛藏於民間繼續傳承。這不代表中醫已被淘汰，只是西醫的發展已蓋過中醫，其中原因須追溯日治期間。日治政府承接英國殖民政府推行西醫，社會上有大量西醫常識流通，藥物使用習慣講求科學，日治時期的這些因素都為西醫在戰後普及做準備。 / 本文為過往研究所忽略作補充，藉此重新思考「日治歷史」的意義。誠然這段歷史是傷痛的，但也不可主觀地跳過而不作討論，日治時期是連接香港二戰前後的發展。醫療衛生正是其中一個脈絡，本研究將就此提出新視角。 / The analyses on Hong Kong medical and hygienic history often split into two time slots, one from the beginning as the British colony until 1941 and the other from 1945 to the present, mostly overlooking the period of Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1945. Although there are plenty of books for general readers, for examples, memoirs of British troops and Chinese guerillas, and oral history records about the Japanese occupation in Hong Kong, this period has not yet received due academic treatment. This dissertation, therefore, studies the neglected medical history of Hong Kong under the Japanese occupation using Honkon Nippō (Hong Kong News) as the main reference. / Approaches to the discussion on prewar Hong Kong medical history apparently depend on two theories, namely the “colonial medicine and the “colonial modernity. The former perspective believes that colonial powers forced colonized societies to follow the European modernity, while the latter stresses the positive effects brought by colonizers and formations of own unique modernity among colonies. Before the Japanese occupation, both traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and Western medicine (WM) enjoyed fair status, with the TCM gaining overwhelming support from the Hong Kong society and the latter receiving administrative advantages from the colonial government. After the WWII, however, both the Hong Kong society and the government recognized the WM to be the mainstream therapy, and thus, the TCM was only praciticed at the bottom level of society without official acknowledgement. Nevertheless, this did not represent the elimination of the TCM and merely revealed the development of WM surpassing the TCM. The reason should be traced back to the period of Japanese occupation when the government sustained the policy of the British colonial government to spread the WM, causing circulation of a large amount of medical knowledge in the society and a trend of scientific drug using. All these factors benefited to the popularization of WM in Hong Kong society after WWII. / This study fills in a missing link of previous research and rethinks the implication of the “history of Japanese occupation. Indeed, the history is painful but one should not subjectively omit it because this period connected the development of Hong Kong between prewar and postwar era. This study sheds new light on medical history as well as history of Japanese occupation. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 李威成. / "2012年8月". / "2012 nian 8 yue". / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 193-201). / Abstract in Chinese and English. / Li Weicheng. / 論文摘要 --- p.i / Abstract of thesis entitled --- p.ii / 鳴謝 --- p.iii / 圖表目錄 --- p.vi / Chapter 第一章 --- 導論 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一節 --- 研究動機與目的 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二節 --- 文獻回顧 --- p.5 / Chapter 第三節 --- 研究方法 --- p.12 / Chapter 第四節 --- 論文架構 --- p.17 / Chapter 第五節 --- 研究意義 --- p.19 / Chapter 第二章 --- 戰前香港的醫療衛生發展 --- p.20 / Chapter 第一節 --- 殖民地政府的醫療衛生事業沿革 --- p.21 / Chapter 第二節 --- 民間的醫療衛生常識 --- p.29 / Chapter 第三節 --- 戰前香港醫療衛生與日本人 --- p.37 / Chapter 第四節 --- 《香港日報》的創辦與發展 --- p.43 / Chapter 第五節 --- 小結 --- p.49 / Chapter 第三章 --- 日治香港政府的醫療衛生概觀 --- p.51 / Chapter 第一節 --- 日治政府醫療管理與醫生註冊 --- p.52 / Chapter 第二節 --- 疾病控制與防疫運動 --- p.67 / Chapter 第三節 --- 環境衛生與糞便處理 --- p.76 / Chapter 第四節 --- 區制、戶籍登記與醫療衛生制度 --- p.87 / Chapter 第五節 --- 小結 --- p.97 / Chapter 第四章 --- 從《香港日報》看日治時期醫療衛生常識的傳播 --- p.99 / Chapter 第一節 --- 副刊專欄與醫藥新知 --- p.100 / Chapter 第二節 --- 公共衛生資訊的提供 --- p.116 / Chapter 第三節 --- 小結 --- p.133 / Chapter 第五章 --- 從《香港日報》看日治時期治療藥物的供應 --- p.135 / Chapter 第一節 --- 《香港日報》中的藥物廣告 --- p.136 / Chapter 第二節 --- 流通市面的藥物 --- p.155 / Chapter 第三節 --- 贈醫所及個人醫師的角色 --- p.165 / Chapter 第四節 --- 小結 --- p.173 / Chapter 第六章 --- 總結日治時期的影響──香港醫療的延續與前進 --- p.175 / Chapter 第一節 --- 醫療體制的過渡 --- p.175 / Chapter 第二節 --- 從日治醫療史看日治歷史性質 --- p.187 / Chapter 附錄(一) --- 日治期間各分區新舊名稱轉換、區長副區長及區會員數目表列 --- p.191 / Chapter 附錄(二) --- 香督令第二十一號(1942年)[節錄] --- p.192 / Chapter 附錄(三) --- 香督令第十六號(1944年) --- p.193 / 參考書目 --- p.194

殖民時期的香港一直被丛书新自由主義的經典例子。加上香港殖民政府的剝削本質，它一般不會提供廉價醫療服務給予普羅大眾。然而，儘管有「積極不干預主義」這口號，殖民政府仍然於香港留下了龐大公營醫療系統。為什麼龐大公營醫療系統與放任自由主義並存於二次世界大戰後的香港社會？ / 為了解答以上疑問，本研究將從一九六四年醫療改革，探討香港戰後醫療政策。本文認為，香港研究忽視了冷戰對香港公共衛生的影響。文獻回顧後，實證研究分為三部分。第一部分提出「衛生關注」(Sanitary Concern)不足以構成醫療改革的原因。第二部分通過文本分析，發現六十年代的主流報章不重視醫療改革，由此可見改革並非基於公眾的訴求。最後的部分從戰後政府檔案，發現長遠的公營醫療規劃沿於五十年代後期。同時，戰後公營醫療系統的擴張，更可能是因為殖民政府為了確保足夠的戰時緊急醫療服務，及防止左派利用社區診所滲透入基層。 / Hong Kong has been regarded as a textbook example of Neo Liberalism. The exploitative nature of a colonial government makes it unlikely for the colonial state to make commitment for low-cost medical services to the general public. However, the slogan of “positive non-interventionism notwithstanding, the strong public health sector in Hong Kong is also a colonial legacy. Why was such a state-centered medical system established in a laissez-faire society after the Second World War? / This thesis aims at investigating the 1964 hospital reform in Hong Kong to study the colonial governance and arguing that the Cold War factor has been neglected in the analysis of the medical-institutional change. After the literature review, there are three empirical sections to support this explanation. The first part finds that sanitary concern was not a strong reason for the reform. In the second part, a context analysis on newspaper during the 1960s shows that the hospital reform was simply neglected by most newspapers, which implies that the reform was not the direct result of public pressure. The final part looks into the long-term medical planning since the late 1950 and several related medical policies through different archives in order to demonstrate the impacts of Cold War’s politics on Hong Kong’s medical services provision. Evidences suggest that self-sufficiency of military-emergency medical services and control over the growing influence of left-wing community clinics could be a more convincing explanation for the reform. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Tang, Kai Yi. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 156-165). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Thesis/Assessment Committee --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Acknowledgments --- p.iv / List of tables, graphs and figures --- p.v / Acknowledgments --- p.vii / Chapter Chapter One --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- The 1964 medical white paper: the first commitment in the colonial history --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- A state-centred medical system as a colonial legacy --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3 --- The research question --- p.8 / Chapter 1.4 --- Methodology --- p.10 / Chapter 1.5 --- The central argument and outline of the thesis --- p.12 / Chapter Chapter Two --- Literature Review --- p.14 / Chapter 2.1. --- Politics of health in Hong Kong: a sudden change from the voluntary sector to the state? --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2 --- The origin of public health in Britain, India and Singapore --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3 --- Inadequate explanations for the 1964 hospital reform --- p.19 / Chapter 2.4 --- The nature of the Colonial governance: laissez-faire or Interventionist? --- p.21 / Chapter 2.5 --- British Hong Kong: Lacking commitments to local community --- p.24 / Chapter 2.6 --- The partial vision of public health in the colony --- p.25 / Chapter 2.7 --- Financial conservatism, the Pound crisis and social reforms in Hong Kong --- p.29 / Chapter 2.8 --- “1967 riot“ and “MacLehose“ as a explanation for the post-War social reforms --- p.33 / Chapter 2.9 --- An alternative: Cold War, the colonial governance and social service provision --- p.37 / Chapter Chapter Three --- Sanitary concern, diseases and state interventions in Hong Kong: Did the epidemic matter again? --- p.44 / Chapter 3.1 --- The origin of sanitary concern in Victorian Britain --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2 --- Impacts and limitations of sanitary concern in Hong Kong --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3 --- The 1894 Plague as a turning point: the first expansion in the colonial medical system --- p.50 / Chapter 3.4 --- Shadow of sanitary concern after the War --- p.53 / Chapter 3.5 --- Health profile in Hong Kong: a gradual improvement? --- p.56 / Chapter 3.6 --- A epidemiological transition in infectious diseases since 1945 --- p.59 / Chapter 3.7 --- Conclusion: Did diseases really matter? --- p.64 / Chapter Chapter Four --- Public opinion on public health: a driving force to the reform? --- p.65 / Chapter 4.1. --- The political culture in post-war Hong Kong --- p.66 / Chapter 4.2 --- From the rise in telephone fees to a social event in newspapers --- p.69 / Chapter 4.3 --- A content analysis on newspapers in 1964 --- p.72 / Chapter 4.4 --- Most medical news: informative but not critical --- p.73 / Chapter 4.5 --- Hospital reform: simply ignored? --- p.77 / Chapter 4.6 --- Reform: a result of public pressure? --- p.81 / Chapter 4.7 --- A social event: “charity clinics problem“? --- p.84 / Chapter 4.8 --- Conclusion: an ignored reform by an active Chinese community? --- p.88 / Chapter Chapter Five --- Politics of public health in post-war Hong Kong: clinics, hospitals and the Cold War --- p.89 / Chapter 5.1 --- British in Cold War: to defend a valuable but vulnerable port --- p.90 / Chapter 5.2 --- Coincidence: A growing government medical sector since 1957 --- p.97 / Chapter 5.3 --- Planning since 1957: reserved lands, standard clinic design and Executive Council --- p.108 / Chapter 5.4 --- Planning in New Territories: a Heung Yee Kuk’s petition for a new hospital --- p.113 / Chapter 5.5 --- A forgotten alternative in medical financing: medical insurance schemes --- p.117 / Chapter 5.6 --- Politics between Hong Kong and London: Mayo Clinic --- p.120 / Chapter 5.7 --- Incinerators and generators: the role of civil hospitals in defence --- p.123 / Chapter 5.8 --- Civil hospitals in M.D.S.: to defend the indefensible Colony --- p.124 / Chapter 5.9 --- “Inconsistent planning: to defend Hong Kong without military hospitals? --- p.135 / Chapter 5.10 --- Threats from the communist: regulations on refugee doctors and charity clinics --- p.138 / Chapter 5.11 --- Conclusion: 1964, a year of no significance? --- p.144 / Chapter Chapter Six --- Conclusion --- p.145 / Chapter 6.1 --- Summary of arguments --- p.145 / Chapter 6.2 --- A reference point: Cold War’s politics and the medical reform in Singapore --- p.148 / Chapter 6.3 --- Implications on public health and Hong Kong studies --- p.152 / Chapter 6.4 --- Limitations and directions of further study --- p.153 / Reference --- p.156