The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between comfort food preferences of college faculty when under normal (non-stressful) and stressful conditions. Thirty-four percent (n=63) of the participants were males and 66 percent (n=121) were females. Sixty-seven percent (n=123) experienced a change in appetite when stressed, with 69 percent (n=85) experiencing an increase and 31 percent (n=38) experiencing a decrease in appetite. Participants chose a significantly wider variety of foods when under stressful conditions for both sweet (p=<.001) and salty/crunchy food categories (p=.004). High restrained eaters chose significantly more types of sweet foods (p=.031) and beverages (p=.020) than low restrained eaters when comparing stressful and normal conditions. These findings suggest the majority of adults may experience changes in appetite with stress, specifically an increased appetite, and may choose more types of sweet and salty/crunchy foods. An individual's restraint level, gender, and age may also play a role in comfort food choice. / Department of Family and Consumer Sciences

Physical activity (PA) is related to prevention and rehabilitation (rehab) of oncology patients, however little is known about PA habits of patients with cancer. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to assess and characterize PA habits, fatigue, and mood states of cancer survivors from before participation in an exercise rehab program to the final week of a 16 session exercise rehab program. Methods. Eleven subjects (9 women, 2 men, with an average age 60.9±1 0.1 years) wore an Actigraph GT1M accelerometer and New Lifestyle series pedometer a week before beginning an exercise rehab program (baseline), the first week (week 1) and the final week of exercise rehab (week 8). Intensity counts/minute and steps were measured by the GT1M and steps were calculated by the pedometer. Results. Ten subjects were classified under the sedentary step index, walking <5,500 steps/day and further grouped under the subcategory for chronic diseased individuals proposed by Tudor-Locke and Myers of 3,500-5,500 steps/day. One subject was recorded by the accelerometer to meet the Surgeon General, American College of Sports Medicine/Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the American Cancer Society, and 10,000 step/day PA guidelines throughout the study. The accelerometer underestimated rehab activity of 4 subjects who exercised on the Nu-step during rehab. PA habits of steps and intensity varied at baseline, week 1, and week 8 and on rehab and non-rehab days. There were no patterns seen determined by diagnosis, treatment, or staging of cancer. Five subjects increased their 6 minute walk distance, 6 subjects decreased in total mood disturbance, and 4 subjects lowered their perception of fatigue. Conclusion. The intervention, exercise, with 11 cancer survivors maintained PA habits, functional ability, fatigue, and mood states over time and on rehab and non-rehab days. / School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of androstenedione supplementation on testosterone levels in older men. Healthy men (n = 11) between the ages of58 and 69 were divided into two groups: 6 taking 300 mg of androstenedione (mean ± SE, 62.33 ± 2.57) supplement and 5 taking the 300 mg cellulose placebo (mean ± SE, 60.2 ± 1.02) for a period of seven days. Subjects in both groups had been participating in the Ball State University Adult Fitness Program (BSUAFP) for at least one year, incorporating both aerobic and resistance training into their workouts. Testing measures involved the subjects performing two exercises (leg extension and leg curl) while having blood drawn prior to, during, and post-exercise for a period of 20 minutes both pre-and post-supplementation. Specific weights for the subjects were determined with a ten-repetition maximum (10-RM) lift on both exercises. It appeared that the subjects in the androstenedione group were stronger with the exercises than the subjects in the placebo group, but with no significance. Testosterone, estradiol, and androstenedione were analyzed via hormone assay pre-and post-supplementation. The analysis of the testosterone revealed a significant difference pre-(mean ± SE, 4.65 ± .51 ng/ml) to post-(mean ± SE, 6.72 ± .58 ng/ml) supplementation for the androstenedione group. Analysis of the androstenedione revealed a significant difference pre-(mean ± SE, 0.88 ± .20) to post-(mean ± SE, 7.46 ± 1.25) supplementation for the androstenedione group. The estradiol assay revealed no significant differences pre-to post-supplementation for either group. The placebo group did not demonstrate any significant differences pre-to post-supplementation for either testosterone or androstenedione. The results of this study concluded that supplementation with 300 mg. of androstenedione for a period of seven days significantly elevated blood testosterone in older men. / School of Physical Education

The purpose of this study was to determine the short-term effect of cinnamon on blood pressure in middle-aged obese adults. Subjects consumed a beverage with (experimental) and without (control) 6 g ground cassia cinnamon. Blood pressure was assessed at baseline, and then at 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 minutes. A food frequency questionnaire was administered to estimate usual dietary intake. Twenty-six adults (9 males and 17 females), aged 40-65 years, completed the study. There was no significant difference in blood pressure at any time point between the two conditions (p>0.05). Multiple regression analysis evaluated the relationship between usual intake of diet components and control baseline blood pressure. The diet components studied did not significantly predict systolic blood pressure or diastolic blood pressure at baseline. The results of this study suggest 6 g cinnamon does not exert a short-term beneficial effect on blood pressure in middle-aged obese adults. / Department of Family and Consumer Sciences

Poor sleep quality can lead to physical illness as well as cognitive and emotional impairment (National Sleep Foundation, 2011). Previous research on sleep hygiene and sleep interventions has resulted in mixed and relatively weak findings, indicating a need for a better understanding of the causes of sleep habits. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB; Fishbein & Ajzen, 2010) has been used to predict intentions and behavior in many health-­related domains. The purpose of the current study is to determine if obtaining 7-8 hours of sleep nightly can be predicted from the TPB model. Participants engaged in a weeklong recording of their sleep habits as measured by sleep diaries and actigraphy. The TPB predicted 63% of the variability in intentions to obtain 7-8 hours of sleep. Intentions predicted 18% and 14% of the variability in sleep diary and actigraph sleep duration, respectively. For both sleep diary and actigraphy measures, perceived behavioral control predicted approximately 9% of additional variability in sleep duration beyond intentions. / Department of Psychological Science

There is no abstract available for this thesis. / School of Physical Education

During a period from May, 1993 to July of 1993, 309 employees of a large telecommunication's company selfselected to participate in an eight-week health promotion program designed to assist them in changing health behaviors. The program participants were then surveyed at the end of one-year to determine if they had maintained the health behavior changes practiced during the eight-week program and the impact of family, friends and coworkers on the level the participant was practicing the health behavior changes at the end of one-year.A growing body of evidence suggests ongoing research in the area of health behavior change because health related medical claims, absenteeism and decreased productivity continue to have serious financial consequences for American business. In Corporate America, health education programs have been organized to give employees the opportunity to change negative health habits and replace them with positive health habits. The assumption being, that healthier employees': (1) use less medical benefits (2) report fewer absent sick days and (3) are more productive employees.In addition, prior research indicates that being part of a social network or having access to social group support can help individuals decrease the level they practice negative health habits and increase the level they practice positive health habits. Thus, an understanding of social group support on the behavior change process is important to education professionals evaluating the effectiveness of health education programs within the corporate setting.This research study was designed to examine a health promotion program offered to employees of a large telecommunication company and the impact social groups andcontent had on the level participants changed their health related behaviors. The research assumed that examining encouragement and discouragement provided by: (1) family, (2) friends, and (3) coworkers would lead to a greater understanding of the impact social groups had on the level a participant practiced health behavior changes at the end of one year.This research indicated that social group participation played a significant role in the level a program participant was practicing health behavior changes at the end of one year. The analysis further indicated that support from family and friends were significant factors in the behavioral change process.In addition, organizational support prior to and during the "Health Habits Challenge" program had no significant impact on the level participants were practicing health behavior changes at the end of one year. However, participants receiving organizational support prior to and during the "Health Habits Challenge" program perceived their health as having improved during the one-year maintenance phase, while participants who did not receive organizational support reported their health status had declined.Relationships reported by this research study are sufficiently strong enough to warrant further research both qualitative and quantitative, to provide health educators with a better understanding of how social groups and organizational content influence health behavior changes. The factors are potentially important, not only for theoretical and research purposes but also for making practice and policy decisions appropriate to health promotion and health education. / Department of Educational Leadership

As increasing numbers of learning disabled (LD) students attend postsecondary institutions (McGuire, Norlander, & Shaw, 1990; Saracoglu, Minden, & Wilchesky, 1989), researchers and clinicians contend that these college students display a disproportionate amount of psychological distress as compared to their non-LD peers (Faigel, 1985; Kronick, 1976; Patton & Polloway, 1982). The LD college student's propensity to experience emotional distress has been attributed to the stressful nature of the college environment, the demands of coursework, and unresolved psychological and psychosocial conflicts from childhood and adolescence. This paper explored the contention that LD college students are at risk for developing emotional problems which may affect their chances of experiencing success both in academia and in their personal lives.This study included a sample of 40 learning disabled college freshmen and 46 non-learning disabled college freshmen from four state universities in Indiana. Due to the nature of the research questions, only multivariate statistics were included. Multivariate analysis of variance results from the MMPI-2 validity and clinical, supplementary, and content scales indicated that there were no general differences in adjustment between the LD and non-LD samples. However, cluster analyses which were based on MMPI-2 clinical and validity scale T-scores, supported the notion that there were varying levels of emotional adjustment among the college learningdisabled students.One cluster of learning disabled students, (LD cluster 2), exhibited a propensity to experience psychological difficulties, and they appeared to be undergoing distress at the time of testing. Students from this at-risk LD cluster also reported many more personal, familial, and academic problems in their past. In comparison to students from the well-functioning LD cluster, those in the at-risk group indicated being diagnosed with their learning disability much later in their schooling; consequently, they also reported receiving fewer opportunities to receive help for their difficulties.The author suggests that, although these findings are preliminary, it appears that some learning disabled college students may be at-risk for experiencing personal distress and, perhaps, academic failure. It is recommended that the MMPI2, along with other psychologically-based instruments be used with this population as a possible way of identifying college students who may be in need of receiving psychological support. / Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services

General relationships between the proposed risk factors of perfectionism, body dissatisfaction, depression, and interoceptive awareness and the presence of bulimic symptoms were examined in this study. Interactions between these risk factors presented by previous theoretical models were also explored through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis. A sample consisting of 200 female undergraduate students completed the following measures: The Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS), The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), and the Questionnaire for Eating Disorder Diagnoses (Q-EDD). Taken together, the proposed risk factors of perfectionism, body dissatisfaction, depression, and interoceptive awareness were found to make a difference in predicting the presence of eating disorder symptoms. Body dissatisfaction served as the strongest predictor of bulimic symptoms in college women of all risk factors tested in this study. Direct relationships between perfectionism and depression, depression and body dissatisfaction, and body dissatisfaction and bulimic symptoms were supported by the current study's data. Clinical implications and suggestions for future research are discussed. / Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services

Thirty-seven overweight/obese (BMI: 25-35 kg/m2), premenopausal women that were randomly assigned to either an ad libitum low-carbohydrate (LC) (20% CHO, 30-40% protein, 30-40% fat), or an ad libitum low-fat (LF) (55-60% CHO, 15-20% protein, 20-25% fat) diet.All subjects were given weekly menus matching their assigned macronutrient requirements to aid in meal planning and dietary compliance. Baseline and post-diet measures included height, weight, body composition (DXA), blood lipids [total cholesterol (TC), HDL, LDL, and triglycerides (TG)], and plasma insulin levels. There were no significant group differences in any of the above-listed variables prior to the study. Nineteen women completed the 6-wk study (LC=11, LF=8). Compliance to the diets was adequate as indicated by weekly 24-hr recalls and daily urinary ketone levels. Both groups lost a significant amount of weight and body flat, (P<0.05); and weight and body fat losses were not significantly different between the groups. All groups experienced similar decreases in TG, TC, LDL, HDL, and insulin levels. These results indicate a LC diet is no more effective than a LF diet in promoting favorable changes in body weight, body composition, blood lipids and insulin levels. / Department of Family and Consumer Sciences