Objective: To recognize the difference of patient care offered by primary care family physician, internist and generalist, according to the incidence rate of the acute complications, time to event interval of the chronic complications and the cost of OPD, admission and emergency care. Method: The first diagnosed diabetes patients were extracted from the National Health Insurance database, utilizing data from 2001 to 2007 to fit the criteria. Patients with catastrophic illness and who attended to the primary care clinic less than 20% of total OPD visits were excluded. The incidence rate of DM acute complications such as hypoglycemia, NKHS and DKA, and the time to event interval of DM chronic complications such as CAD, stroke, DM nephropathy, DM retinopathy, polyneuropathy and DM peripheral artery disease were investigated. Furthermore, the cost of OPD visit, emergency care and hospital admission was also evaluated. Result: The patients cared by primary care family physician tended to get hypoglycemia more frequently, but less likely to get hyperglycemic complications including both DKA and NKHS.The family physician did not recognize the large vessel complications well but can effectively control the diabetic neuropathy and diabetic nephropathy. Compare to those cared by internist, the patients cared by family physician have the lower expense on diabetic related OPD visit, but a little higher on emergency and admission. Totally, the patients cared by family physician have the lowest cost compared to internist and generalist, but without significant difference. Conclusion: The cost of OPD visit was significantly lower in patient cared by primary care family physician compared to internist without sacrifice the quality of care. Further study was necessary due to the limitation of the application of secondary database.

In 2001, The Institute of Medicine published its recommendations for bringing high quality care to all people of the United Sates. That solution involved fulfilling criteria expressed in the acronym, STEEEP. Care must be: Safe, Timely, Effective, Efficient, Equitable and Patient Centered (Institute of Medicine 2001). While improvements were made in terms of infant mortality, longevity, and deaths amenable to quality care, healthcare in the United States has remained fragmented with much work yet to be done. This leaves many uninsured individuals without access to affordable healthcare. Despite the implementation of policies such as the Affordable Care Act and the American Rescue Plan, which have expanded Medicaid and given access to many, it still falls short. Approximately 24.9 million people remain uninsured. The rising costs of healthcare in the U.S. have led to both insured and uninsured patients being exposed to medical debt, lower health status, and limited access to care. Safety net clinics, such as free clinics, have become essential for many uninsured individuals who rely on them to receive medical care. Free clinics are an example of safety nets that give medical access to the uninsured. These clinics have positive results on health outcomes and help to lower healthcare expenditures, particularly in emergency room visits. Studies have shown that uninsured individuals are more likely to use emergency services, which results in higher healthcare costs. Free clinics provide preventative care and early interventions that can help prevent costly emergency visits and hospitalizations. Moreover, free clinics serve as a place for volunteers to grow their skills and become better providers of medicine. Volunteers include physicians, nurses, medical students, and other healthcare professionals who dedicate their time and expertise to help those in need. Volunteers at free clinics are provided with a unique opportunity to enhance their skills by working with a diverse patient population that often has complex medical conditions. Free clinics are essential safety nets that provide medical access to the uninsured and underserved communities. Without these clinics, many uninsured individuals would be left without access to care, leading to poor health outcomes and higher healthcare costs. The importance of free clinics cannot be overstated, and unless there is a change in the current healthcare system, free clinics should be given the place they deserve, including more volunteer and funding support. As the U.S. healthcare system continues to evolve, it is critical to recognize the value of free clinics and the role they play in ensuring access to care for all individuals, regardless of their insurance status.

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This thesis investigates how women's political representation influences foreign aid utilization. While recent contributions show that the impact of foreign aid is highly dependent on the recipient government, there is still limited research on the relationship between women's political representation and aid utilization. Existing work within the research field of female political representation suggests that women are more likely to prioritize resource allocation towards healthcare and education and less likely to prioritize the military. Thus, women’s political representation is predicted to work as a moderating effect on aid utilization, whereby increases in female representation is associated with more aid resources being allocated towards healthcare and education and less to the military. To test the relationship(s) implied, this thesis employs multiple regression analysis on a time series data set of 102 aid-receiving countries from 2000-2017. The hypothesis that women's political representation has a moderating effect on aid utilization could not be supported by the regression analysis. The results do however indicate that female representation in the recipient countries influences government allocation in general.

La recherche se propose d’analyser la soutenabilité de la dépense publique avec un approfondissement qui concerne le cas italien et en prenant le système de la Santé publique comme référence empirique. La première partie en reprenant les idées de caractère macroéconomique, présente une brève vue générale sur le thème de la soutenabilité de la dette publique et sur les critiques principales aux normes du Traité de Maastricht. Après avoir introduit le thème des comptes publics en les encadrant dans le plus large plan conceptuel du Traité de Maastricht et de normes qui le concernent, l’attention a été focalisé sur le nouveau plan de governance européenne, qui s’est précisé après la crise économique-financière en 2007, et sur le thème des statistiques et de leur modalité de construction. La deuxième partie fait ses principales définitions de soutenabilité spécifiquement référées au contexte de la santé publique, et propose le cas de la dépense sanitaire en Italie avec l’introduction des Plans de Restructuration (PdR) finalisés au déplacement des déterminants structurales du déséquilibre des Systèmes Régionales de la Santé (SSR) intéressés. / The objective of this thesis is to explore the theme of sustainability of public debt and public expenditure with an empirical focus on the Italian healthcare expenditure. Starting from a literature review, this work shows that sustainability have not an univocal and widely accepted definition and that macro economical point of view tend to prevail. At the same time the recent tension on public debt in European countries has highlighted the need of harmonized accountability systems capable to show the real level of public debt and public expenditure. The Italian healthcare system has represented a very interesting case to explore the effect of the implementation of an accrual system of accountability and the sustainability of public expenditure by the implementation of Healthcare recovery plan. This empirical analysis has been implemented by the use of a case study methodology. Results show that healthcare turnaround plan do not contain valid instrument of sustainability. / L'obiettivo di questa tesi è quello di esplorare il tema della sostenibilità del debito pubblico e della spesa pubblica con un focus empirico sulla spesa sanitaria italiana. Partendo da una review della letteratura, questo lavoro dimostra che il concetto di sostenibilità non ha una definizione univoca e ampiamente accettata. Allo stesso tempo, le recenti tensioni sul debito pubblico nei paesi europei ha evidenziato la necessità di sistemi di contabilità armonizzati e capaci di mostrare il reale livello del debito pubblico e della spesa pubblica. Il sistema sanitario italiano ha rappresentato un caso molto interessante per esplorare gli effetti di un sistema di contabilità pubblica incentrato sul principio della competenza economica e, soprattutto, per testarne - nella pratica - le conseguenze sul livello della spesa sanitaria. In particolare, l'ultima parte di questo lavoro pone l'attenzione sul tema dei piani di rientro della spesa sanitaria italiana. L'analisi empirica, realizzata attraverso il metodo dello studio di casi multipli, mostra come i piani di rientro, nella loro attuale configurazione, non possano essere considerati validi strumenti non solo per il contenimento della spesa sanitaria e il rientro dal disavanzo ma, soprattutto, che non possono essere considerati strumenti operativi validi nell'ottica della sostenibilità.