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Abstract Epilepsy is associated with changes in autonomic cardioregulatory function. Ictally, autonomic disturbances may be evident with significant changes in heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP) and respiration. However, interictal dysfunction of autonomic cardiovascular system may be subtle and it may be recognized only by delicate tools designed for that purpose. The aim of this study was to evaluate the function of the cardiovascular autonomic regulatory system in patients with epilepsy. Cardiovascular reflex tests were performed on patients with partial or idiopathic generalized epilepsies. Special attention was paid to temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). An association of refractory and well controlled TLE and hippocampal sclerosis with altered cardioregulation was evaluated by using cardiovascular reflex tests and an analysis of spectral and non-linear analysis of heart rate variation (HRV). Cardiovascular reflexes were altered both in patients with partial and idiopathic generalized epilepsies who had been treated for epilepsy with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), whereas patients with newly, untreated epilepsy did not differ from the control subjects. Diminished cardiovascular reflexes also seemed to be associated with carbamazepine (CBZ) treatment. Various parameters of cardiovascular reflex tests and analysis of spectral and dynamic measures of HRV were diminished in patients with TLE compared to the control subejcts. These results indicate that epilepsy, especially TLE, is associated with interictal changes of autonomic cardioregulation. Although these changes seem to be evident in patients with severe form of TLE, patients with well controlled TLE and patients without hippocampal sclerosis also have altered autonomic cardioregulatory function. These results suggest that dysfunction of the cardioregulatory system is rather associated with functional than structural changes of the inner temporal lobe in patients with TLE.

Abstract Autonomic dysfunction in epilepsy is widely recognized. Both partial and generalized epilepsies affect autonomic functions during interictal, ictal and postictal states. Interestingly, there is increasing evidence of interictal autonomic nervous system dysfunction as evidenced by reduced heart rate (HR) variability in patients with epilepsy. Reduced HR variation has also been detected in many other chronic diseases and it has been shown to be associated with unfavourable prognosis with an increased risk of mortality in various heart diseases. Recently, more attention has also been paid to possible association of decreased HR variability with sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). However, the clinical significance of the observed changes in cardiovascular regulation in patients with epilepsy is still poorly outlined and there are no long-term studies about changes in HR variation in relation to epilepsy. This study was designed to evaluate long-term changes in autonomic cardiovascular regulation in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and also to evaluate HR variation during vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) treatment in patients with refractory epilepsy, using 24-hour ambulatory ECG recordings. Special attention was paid to changes in HR variation and to circadian HR fluctuation over time. The results of this study show that autonomic cardiovascular regulation is affected both in patients with well-controlled TLE and in patients with refractory TLE, and that the cardiovascular dysregulation also presents itself with changes in circadian HR variability, with more pronounced alterations observed during the night time. HR variability was also found to decrease progressively with time in patients with chronic refractory TLE with uncontrolled seizures. VNS treatment was not observed to alter HR variation. / Tiivistelmä Epilepsiapotilailla esiintyy autonomisen hermoston toiminnan häiriöitä. Näitä häiriöitä voidaan todeta epilepsiakohtausten aikana, heti kohtausten jälkeen ja kohtausten välillä sekä paikallisalkuisissa että yleistyneissä epilepsioissa. Viimeaikaisissa tutkimuksissa on osoitettu kardiovaskulaarisen säätelyjärjestelmän häiriöiden voivan ilmentyä alentuneena sydämen sykevaihteluna epilepsiakohtausten väliaikoina. Sydänsairauksien yhteydessä sykevaihtelun vähenemisen on osoitettu liittyvän kohonneeseen kuolemanriskiin. Epilepsiapotilailla alentuneen sydämen sykevaihtelun on epäilty liittyvän epilepsiapotilailla ilmenevien odottamattomien ja ilman selkeää syytä tapahtuvien äkkikuolemien (SUDEP) lisääntyneeseen riskiin. Kertyneestä tiedosta huolimatta alentuneen sykevaihtelun kliininen merkitys epilepsiapotilailla on edelleen epäselvä. Pitkäaikaisseurantatutkimuksia sydämen sykevaihtelun muutoksista epilepsiapotilailla ei ole julkaistu. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää ohimolohkoepilepsiaan liittyviä pitkäaikaisia interiktaalisia (kohtausten välillä esiintyviä) kardiovaskulaarisia ilmentymiä. Lisäksi haluttiin tutkia vaikeahoitoisessa epilepsiassa käytetyn hoitomuodon, vagushermostimulaation, mahdollisia vaikutuksia sydämen toimintaan. Erityisesti haluttiin analysoida sykevaihtelun vuorokausirytmiä. Tulokset osoittavat autonomisen hermoston kardiovaskulaarisen säätelyjärjestelmän toiminnan olevan häiriintyneen sekä vaikeahoitoisilla että hyvähoitoisilla ohimolohkoalkuista epilepsiaa sairastavilla potilailla. Sydämen sykevariaatio on alentunut erityisesti yöaikaan. Lisäksi sydämen sykevaihtelu alenee pitkäaikaisseurannassa vaikeahoitoista epilepsiaa sairastavilla potilailla, joilla ilmenee toistuvia epileptisiä kohtauksia. Vagusstimulaatio ei aiheuttanut muutoksia syketaajuuden vaihteluun.

L'imagerie par Résonance Magnétique (IRM) cardiaque est un domaine qui nécessite d'adapter la séquence au rythme du coeur, afin d'éviter le flou causé par un temps d'acquisition long devant les constantes de temps du mouvement. Ainsi, les temps séparant les impulsions radio-fréquence (RF) de la séquence sont aussi variables que les durées des cycles cardiaques sur lesquels on synchronise l'acquisition. Cela est cause d'imprécision sur l'image résultante, en particulier dans son caractère quantitatif. L'aimantation des spins n'est effectivement pas dans un état d'équilibre sur toute l'acquisition. La thèse présente deux axes principaux de recherche explorés ; le premier est une étude de l'impact de la variation du rythme cardiaque (présentée en outre dans le manuscrit) sur la mesure quantitative du temps de relaxation transversal T2. L'étude a été menée sur des objets fantômes et sur des volontaires sains. Deux méthodes de correction de la variation du rythme sont proposées, l'une basée sur la correction du signal au centre de l'espace de Fourier, l'autre basée sur une approche de reconstruction généralisée. Les résultats préliminaires sont encourageants, et des travaux ultérieurs seraient à entreprendre pour confirmer l'efficacité de ces méthodes. Ensuite, les variations temporelles du cycle cardiaque sont traitées à l'échelle d'un cycle, et nous proposons une méthode de mise en coïncidence des différents segments de l'électrocardiogramme (ECG) basée sur la déformation de l'ECG dans l'IRM probablement par effet magnétohydrodynamique. Cette méthode est mise au service de l'imagerie dans le cadre d'une séquence cinétique CINE dans laquelle une meilleure mise en correspondance des segments de cycles cardiaques successifs devrait permettre de gagner en qualité d'image, à condition d'avoir des résolutions spatiale et temporelle suffisamment fines. Les résultats apportés au cours de cette thèse sont préliminaires à de futures recherches nécessaires dans le domaine temporel de la séquence, beaucoup moins traité que le mouvement des organes / Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) requires to adapt the sequence to heart rate, so as to avoid the blur caused by the acquisition time longer than motion time constants. Thus, times between sequence radiofrequency pulses are as much variable as synchronization cardiac cycles durations. It causes imprecision on the resulting image, particularly for quantification. In fact, spins magnetization is not in a steady state during the acquisition. Two main research axis are presented in this thesis; the first one is a study of the impact of heart rate variation (described in the manuscript) on the transversal relaxation time T2 quantitative measurement. The study was lead on both phantom objects and on healthy volunteers. Two correction methods for heart rate variation are proposed, one based on the correction of the signal of the central line of the k-space, the other one based on a generalized reconstruction approach. First results are encouraging, and further works should be lead to confirm the methods efficacity. Then, heart rate variations are treated inside the cardiac cycle, and we propose a method to match the different segments of the electrocardiogram (ECG), based on the ECG deformation in the MR scanner probably due to by magnetohydrodynamic effect. This method is applied on imaging with a CINE kinetic sequence in which a better successive cardiac cycles segments matching should enable to improve image quality, at the condition to have sharp enough spatial and temporal resolutions. Results brought in this thesis are preliminary to necessary future researches in the sequence time domain, largely less addressed than organ motion