Η απόκριση των κυττάρων στο στρες συνδέεται με την επαγωγή μιας ομάδας πρωτεϊνών που ονομάζονται θερμοεπαγόμενες πρωτεΐνες (Hsps). Οι πρωτεΐνες αυτές ανήκουν στην κατηγορία των κυτταρικών συνοδών μορίων (chaperons) και προστατεύουν τα κύτταρα από τη μετουσίωση και συσσωμάτωση των πρωτεϊνών τους. Οι περισσότερες Hsps συντίθενται και σε φυσιολογικές συνθήκες και παίζουν σημαντικούς ρόλους στην ορθή αναδίπλωση, μεταφορά και αποικοδόμηση των πρωτεϊνών του κυττάρου. Οι Hsps κατηγοριοποιούνται σε διακριτές οικογένειες σύμφωνα με τα μοριακά τους βάρη. Από τις οικογένειες αυτές η οικογένεια των μικρών Hsps (sHsps), με μοριακά βάρη12-43 kDa, χαρακτηρίζονται από την παρουσία μιας πολύ συντηρημένης επικράτειας της α-κρυσταλλίνης στο καρβoξυτελικό τους άκρο. Μία από τις πιο καλά μελετημένες sHsps είναι η Hsp27. Η Hsp27, εκτός από το κύριο ρόλο της ως μοριακού συνοδού, εμπλέκεται και σε άλλες κυτταρικές λειτουργίες όπως η διαφοροποίηση, η απόπτωση, ο σχηματισμός του κυτταροσκελετού και η ρύθμιση της οξειδωτικής ισορροπίας των κυττάρων. Από τα αποτελέσματα της παρούσας εργασίας φάνηκε ότι το γονίδιο Cchsp27 εκφράζεται κάτω από φυσιολογικές συνθήκες κατά την ανάπτυξη της μεσογειακής μύγας και ότι η έκφραση του ρυθμίζεται στα διάφορα αναπτυξιακά στάδια του εντόμου. Πειράματα στον εγκέφαλο, στις ωοθήκες και στους όρχεις ενηλίκων ατόμων έδειξαν ότι στον εγκέφαλο των αρσενικών ατόμων το Cchsp27 mRNA παρουσιάζει σημαντικά υψηλότερα επίπεδα έκφρασης συγκριτικά με τον εγκέφαλο των θηλυκών ατόμων. Ακόμη παρατηρήθηκαν υψηλότερα επίπεδα έκφρασης του Cchsp27 mRNA στους όρχεις από ότι στις ωοθήκες. Τα αποτελέσματα από την έκφραση του γονιδίου στους σιελογόνους αδένες προνυμφών έδειξαν υψηλά επίπεδα έκφρασης στους σιελογόνους αδένες 24 ώρες πριν την εκτίναξη των προνυμφών, ενώ σταδιακά η έκφραση μειώνεται μέχρι το στάδιο της εκτινασσόμενης προνύμφης. Η έκφραση του Cchsp27 mRNA αυξάνεται στο στάδιο του λευκού προβομβυκίου ενώ στη συνέχεια σταδιακά μειώνεται. Ύστερα από την καλλιέργεια σιελογόνων αδένων παρουσία εκδυσόνης φάνηκε ότι συμβαίνει καταστολή της έκφρασης γονιδίου σε υψηλές συγκέντρωσης της ορμόνης, ενώ παρατηρείται επαγωγή σε συγκέντρωση 10-6 M. Σε ότι αφορά στην καλλιέργεια ωοθηκών και όρχεων παρουσία εκδυσόνης, παρατηρήθηκε μέγιστη επαγωγή του Cchsp27 γονιδίου στις ωοθήκες στα νεοεκκολαπτόμενα θηλυκά, ενώ μέγιστη επαγωγή στους όρχεις παρατηρήθηκε στα αρσενικά άτομα δύο ημερών. Ακολούθως, δημιουργήθηκε ένα διαγονιδιακό στέλεχος που φέρει το υβριδικό γονίδιο hsp27-GFP υπό τον έλεγχο της ευρύτερης 5΄ περιοχής του hsp27 γονιδίου, με σκοπό την μελλοντική μελέτη της κυτταρικής και ενδοκυτταρικής κατανομής της πρωτεΐνης Hsp27 κατά την ανάπτυξη της μεσογειακής μύγας. Τέλος, μελετήθηκε η έκφραση των γονιδίων Cchsp27 και Cchsp23 σε συνθήκες ψυχρού στρες. Και τα δύο γονίδια έδειξαν σημαντική έκφραση αυξανόμενου χρόνου επώασης στους 0 οC, με το Cchsp27 να παρουσιάζει υψηλότερα επίπεδα έκφρασης σε σχέση με το Cchsp23. / The stress response in cells is connected with the induction of heat shock proteins (Hsps). The Hsps are part of the molecular chaperons system and their role is to protect the cells from the protein denaturation and aggregation. Most Hsps are produced under non-stress conditions and they play a significant role in the correct folding, transmission and degradation of the cell’s proteins. Hsps are being divided into families according to their molecular mass. One of these families is the small heat shock proteins (sHsps) with molecular mass 12-43 kDa. This family is being characterized with a highly conservative domain called α-crystallin, which is located in the C-terminal domain. One of the most well studied sHsp is Hsp27. Hsp27 has an important role as molecular chaperone but also it is implicated in other events such differentiation, apoptosis, cytoskeleton’s formation and the regulation of the oxidized balance of the cell. The results that had arisen from this project, have shown that the Cchsp27 gene is expressed under non-stress conditions during the medfly’s development and that its expression is being regulated during the insect’s developmental stages. Experiments that were performed in brain, ovaries and testes which were removed from individual adults, have shown that the Cchsp27 gene is expressed highly in the male brain and in testes, comparing with female brain and ovaries respectively. Experiments that were performed in larvae salivary glands have shown significant expression levels of the Cchsp27 gene, 24 hours before jumping stage. The expression levels of the Cchsp27 gene are being reduced until the jumping stage and then they increased in the white pupa stage. The expression levels of the Cchsp27 gene are being reduced for the next three stages. The salivary glands were incubated with the hormone ecdysone and the results from these cultures have shown that in high ecdysone concentrations there is a repression in the gene’s expression whereas in concentration of 10-6 M there has been an induction. Ovaries and testes were incubated also with ecdysone and the results indicate that the maximum Cchsp27 gene induction happens in ovaries that have been removed from newborn females, and in testes that have been removed from males of the age of two days. Also, part of this project was the construction of a transgenic strain that it carries the hybrid gene hsp27-GFP under the regulation of the 5΄upstream region of the hsp27 gene. This strain will be used in the future for the study of the cellular distribution of the Hsp27 protein during the medfly’s development. For the last part of this project we study the expression levels of Cchsp27 and Cchsp23 genes under cold shock conditions. Both genes are expressed and their expression levels are being raised as the time of incubation increases in 0 οC. The expression levels of Cchsp27 gene were higher in comparison with the expression levels of Cchsp23 gene.

Protein folding is the process in which polypeptides in their non-native states attain the unique folds of their native states. Adverse environmental conditions and genetic predisposition challenge the folding process and accelerate the production of proteotoxic misfolded proteins. Misfolded proteins are selectively recognized and removed from the cell by processes of protein quality control (PQC). In PQC molecular chaperones of the Heat shock protein 70 kDa (Hsp70) family play important roles by recognizing and facilitating the removal of misfolded proteins. Hsp70 function is dependent on cofactors that regulate the intrinsic ATPase activity of the chaperone. In this thesis I have used yeast genetic, cell biological and biochemical experiments to gain insight into the regulation of Hsp70 function in PQC by nucleotide-exchange factors (NEFs). Study I shows that the NEF Fes1 is a key factor essential for cytosolic PQC. A reverse genetics approach demonstrated that Fes1 NEF activity is required for the degradation of misfolded proteins associated with Hsp70 by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Specifically, Fes1 association with Hsp70-substrate complexes promotes interaction of the substrate with downstream ubiquitin E3 ligase Ubr1. The consequences of genetic removal of FES1 (fes1Δ) are the failure to degrade misfolded proteins, the accumulation of protein aggregates and constitutive induction of the heat-shock response. Taken the experimental data together, Fes1 targets misfolded proteins for degradation by releasing them from Hsp70. Study II describes an unusual example of alternative splicing of FES1 transcripts that leads to the expression of the two alternative splice isoforms Fes1S and Fes1L. Both isoforms are functional NEFs but localize to different compartments. Fes1S is localized to the cytosol and is required for the efficient degradation of Hsp70-associated misfolded proteins. In contrast, Fes1L is targeted to the nucleus and represents the first identified nuclear NEF in yeast. The identification of distinctly localized Fes1 isoforms have implications for the understanding of the mechanisms underlying nucleo-cytoplasmic PQC. Study III reports on the mechanism that Fes1 employs to regulate Hsp70 function. Specifically Fes1 carries an N-terminal domain (NTD) that is conserved throughout the fungal kingdom. The NTD is flexible, modular and is required for the cellular function of Fes1. Importantly, the NTD forms ATP-sensitive complexes with Hsp70 suggesting that it competes substrates of the chaperone during Fes1-Hsp70 interactions. Study IV reports on methodological development for the efficient assembly of bacterial protein-expression plasmids using yeast homologous recombination cloning and the novel vector pSUMO-YHRC. The findings support the notion that Fes1 plays a key role in determining the fate of Hsp70-associated misfolded substrates and thereby target them for proteasomal degradation. From a broader perspective, the findings provide information essential to develop models that describe how Hsp70 function is regulated by different NEFs to participate in protein folding and degradation. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript.</p>

O dermatófito Trichophyton rubrum é um fungo filamentoso, queratinofílico e antropofílico, sendo o principal agente etiológico de micoses cutâneas em humanos. Sua distribuição cosmopolita e seu acometimento grave em pacientes imunocomprometidos fazem dele um dos desafios a ser enfrentado pelos serviços de saúde pública mundial. As interações patógeno-hospedeiro envolvem diferentes processos relacionados com a degradação de queratina e com modificações metabólicas que permitem sua adesão e posterior penetração nos tecidos infectados. Essas alterações são importantes para o sucesso do processo infeccioso e envolvem mecanismos que modulam a expressão gênica, a secreção de proteínas específicas, a adaptação metabólica e as alterações no pH cutâneo, fundamentais para o estabelecimento da infecção. Dentre as proteínas que participam do processo de interação patógeno-hospedeiro estão as proteínas de choque térmico HSPs (Heat Shock Proteins), relacionadas aos mais diversificados processos celulares. Nesse sentido, a hipótese desse trabalho foi avaliar se os genes hsps de T. rubrum, bem como seu principal fator de transcrição (Hsf1), estão envolvidos nos processos de resposta a situações adversas e na interação com o microambiente hospedeiro, e se estes genes são modulados pelo fator de transcrição pacC, um regulador envolvido na sinalização do pH ambiente. Para tanto, a expressão dos genes hsps foi analisada em resposta ao cultivo de T. rubrum em diferentes meios de cultura, durante a exposição a antifúngicos, estresse térmico e interação com fragmentos de unha e pele humanas. O envolvimento da Hsp90 na modulação da expressão gênica, na suscetibilidade a antifúngicos e na interação de T. rubrum com fragmentos de unha humana foi avaliado utilizando-se um inibidor químico específico para esta proteína. Os resultados indicam uma expressão variável dentre os genes hsps e até mesmo dentro de cada família HSP, em resposta a cada condição ambiental ou interação a que o fungo foi exposto. Além disto, temos indício de que a expressão dos genes hsps seja modulada pelo fator de transcrição PacC, através da modulação do fator de transcrição Hsf1. Constatamos ainda, a influência de Hsp90 na susceptibilidade de T. rubrum às drogas Itraconazol e Micafungina, e no desenvolvimento de T. rubrum em fragmentos de unha humana. Esses resultados revelam a participação das proteínas HSPs em diversos aspectos do metabolismo de T. rubrum, e sugerem a participação de Hsp90 na patogenicicade e na suscetibilidade a drogas deste dermatófito / The dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum is a filamentous, keratinophilic, and anthrophophilic fungi, being the major etiologic agent of cutaneous mycoses in humans. Its cosmopolitan distribution and the severe infection in immunocompromised patients make it one of the challenges to be faced by public health agencies worldwide. Hostpathogen interactions involve different processes related to keratin degradation and metabolic changes that allow adhesion and subsequent penetration of the infected tissue. These changes are important to the success of the infectious process and involve mechanisms that modulate gene expression, secretion of specific proteins, and metabolic adaptation, and cutaneous pH changes, essential to the establishment of the infection. Among the proteins that participate in the host-pathogen interaction are the heat shoch proteins (HSPs), related to diverse cellular processes. Thus, the hypothesis of this work was to evaluate whether T. rubrum hsp genes, as well as their major transcription factor (Hsf1), are involved in the response to adverse situations and in the interaction with the host microenvironment, and if these genes are regulated by the transcription fator PacC, a regulator of the pH signaling pathway. The expression of the hsp genes was evaluated in response to the cultivation of T. rubrum in different culture medium, during exposure to antifungal drugs, heat stress, and interaction with human nail and skin. The involvement of T. rubrum Hsp90 in the modulation of gene expression, susceptibility to antifungal drugs, and interaction with human nails was evaluated by using a chemical inhibitor, specific to this protein. Our results indicate a variable expression of the hsp genes, even among members of the same HSP family, in response to each environmental condition or interaction, to which the fungus was exposed. Furthermore, we have evidence that the hsp gene expression is modulated by the PacC transcription factor, by modulating the expression of the Hsf1 coding gene. We also found that Hsp90 is involved in T. rubrum susceptibility to the drugs Itraconazole and Micafungin, and in the development of this dermatophyte in human nails. These results reveal the involvement of HSPs in several aspects of T. rubrum metabolism, suggesting a role for Hsp90 in the pathogenicity and drug susceptibility in this dermatophyte

O dermatófito Trichophyton rubrum é um fungo filamentoso, queratinofílico e antropofílico, sendo o principal agente etiológico de micoses cutâneas em humanos. Sua distribuição cosmopolita e seu acometimento grave em pacientes imunocomprometidos fazem dele um dos desafios a ser enfrentado pelos serviços de saúde pública mundial. As interações patógeno-hospedeiro envolvem diferentes processos relacionados com a degradação de queratina e com modificações metabólicas que permitem sua adesão e posterior penetração nos tecidos infectados. Essas alterações são importantes para o sucesso do processo infeccioso e envolvem mecanismos que modulam a expressão gênica, a secreção de proteínas específicas, a adaptação metabólica e as alterações no pH cutâneo, fundamentais para o estabelecimento da infecção. Dentre as proteínas que participam do processo de interação patógeno-hospedeiro estão as proteínas de choque térmico HSPs (Heat Shock Proteins), relacionadas aos mais diversificados processos celulares. Nesse sentido, a hipótese desse trabalho foi avaliar se os genes hsps de T. rubrum, bem como seu principal fator de transcrição (Hsf1), estão envolvidos nos processos de resposta a situações adversas e na interação com o microambiente hospedeiro, e se estes genes são modulados pelo fator de transcrição pacC, um regulador envolvido na sinalização do pH ambiente. Para tanto, a expressão dos genes hsps foi analisada em resposta ao cultivo de T. rubrum em diferentes meios de cultura, durante a exposição a antifúngicos, estresse térmico e interação com fragmentos de unha e pele humanas. O envolvimento da Hsp90 na modulação da expressão gênica, na suscetibilidade a antifúngicos e na interação de T. rubrum com fragmentos de unha humana foi avaliado utilizando-se um inibidor químico específico para esta proteína. Os resultados indicam uma expressão variável dentre os genes hsps e até mesmo dentro de cada família HSP, em resposta a cada condição ambiental ou interação a que o fungo foi exposto. Além disto, temos indício de que a expressão dos genes hsps seja modulada pelo fator de transcrição PacC, através da modulação do fator de transcrição Hsf1. Constatamos ainda, a influência de Hsp90 na susceptibilidade de T. rubrum às drogas Itraconazol e Micafungina, e no desenvolvimento de T. rubrum em fragmentos de unha humana. Esses resultados revelam a participação das proteínas HSPs em diversos aspectos do metabolismo de T. rubrum, e sugerem a participação de Hsp90 na patogenicicade e na suscetibilidade a drogas deste dermatófito / The dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum is a filamentous, keratinophilic, and anthrophophilic fungi, being the major etiologic agent of cutaneous mycoses in humans. Its cosmopolitan distribution and the severe infection in immunocompromised patients make it one of the challenges to be faced by public health agencies worldwide. Hostpathogen interactions involve different processes related to keratin degradation and metabolic changes that allow adhesion and subsequent penetration of the infected tissue. These changes are important to the success of the infectious process and involve mechanisms that modulate gene expression, secretion of specific proteins, and metabolic adaptation, and cutaneous pH changes, essential to the establishment of the infection. Among the proteins that participate in the host-pathogen interaction are the heat shoch proteins (HSPs), related to diverse cellular processes. Thus, the hypothesis of this work was to evaluate whether T. rubrum hsp genes, as well as their major transcription factor (Hsf1), are involved in the response to adverse situations and in the interaction with the host microenvironment, and if these genes are regulated by the transcription fator PacC, a regulator of the pH signaling pathway. The expression of the hsp genes was evaluated in response to the cultivation of T. rubrum in different culture medium, during exposure to antifungal drugs, heat stress, and interaction with human nail and skin. The involvement of T. rubrum Hsp90 in the modulation of gene expression, susceptibility to antifungal drugs, and interaction with human nails was evaluated by using a chemical inhibitor, specific to this protein. Our results indicate a variable expression of the hsp genes, even among members of the same HSP family, in response to each environmental condition or interaction, to which the fungus was exposed. Furthermore, we have evidence that the hsp gene expression is modulated by the PacC transcription factor, by modulating the expression of the Hsf1 coding gene. We also found that Hsp90 is involved in T. rubrum susceptibility to the drugs Itraconazole and Micafungin, and in the development of this dermatophyte in human nails. These results reveal the involvement of HSPs in several aspects of T. rubrum metabolism, suggesting a role for Hsp90 in the pathogenicity and drug susceptibility in this dermatophyte

Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are a class of molecular chaperones which were first discovered as proteins up-regulated in response to heat stress in Drosophila. Later, it was found that these set of proteins get up-regulated as a general stress response associated with destabilization of native protein structures. Over a period of time, intricate involvement of Hsps in various biological processes has been well established. Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is one of the important representative of this class of proteins. Hsp90 is an essential molecular chaperone which is evolutionarily conserved. It has a selective set of proteins to chaperone called as clients, which majorly include transcription factors and protein kinases. Through its interaction with its clients it modulates cell cycle, signal transduction, differentiation, development and evolution. Previous studies from Candida, Leishmania and Plasmodium have implicated Hsp90 to be involved in stage transition and growth. It is also critically involved in regulating growth of other protozoans such as Dictyostelium, Entamoeba and Trypanosoma. Thus, selective inhibition of Hsp90 has been explored as an intervention strategy against important human diseases such as cancer, malaria and other protozoan diseases. In Plasmodium falciparum, Hsp90 plays a critical role in stage transition. The parasite inside the human RBC develops from ring to trophozoite to schizont stage and inhibition of Hsp90 using specific pharmacological inhibitor arrests the growth of parasite at ring stage. In Dictyostelium, it has been observed that Hsp90 function is required for development. Inhibition of Hsp90 causes mound arrest and stops the cells from entering to its next developmental stage, fruiting bodies. In parallel, Hsp90 in Candida has been shown to be involved in morphogenesis. In nature Candida exists as a single cell yeast form and upon entry into the human host these yeast forms undergo morphogenesis to form virulent filamentous fungi. Inhibition of Hsp90 mimics temperature mediated morphogenesis. All together, these studies suggest that Hsp90 functions in a context dependent manner and each biological system explored has given new insights into the Hsp90 biology. Giardia lamblia, a protozoan parasite of humans and animals, is an important cause of diarrheal disease causing significant morbidity and also mortality in tropical countries. In the present study we focus on the biology of Hsp90 from Giardia lamblia. Giardia has a biphasic life cycle with infective cyst stage and pathogenic trophozoite stage. These cysts are present in the environment and enter mammalian host through oral route. They undergo a process called as excystation in the intestine giving rise to trophozoites. The trophozoites so formed colonize the upper part of the small intestine which causes the symptoms of giardiasis. Some of the trophozoites escape from the nutrition rich milieu of the upper part of small intestine to the lower part. In this region, trophozoites undergo a process called as encystation, wherein each trophozoite forms a cyst which escapes through faeces back into the environment. As seen in the life cycle of Giardia there are two major biological transitions, excystation and encystation; and till date no definitive player or pathway is known to regulate these processes. With the knowledge of Hsp90 playing an important role in similar biological transitions in other organisms we were encouraged to study role of Hsp90 in Giardia lamblia. Trans-splicing based generation of a full length Hsp90 in Giardia lamblia To understand the role of Hsp90, we first carried out sequence alignment of Hsp90 predicted ORFs in Giardia genome with yeast Hsp90. On alignment we observed that Hsp90 in Giardia is discontinuous and is annotated to be encoded by two different ORFs. Hsp90 in most organisms is coded by a single ORF with none to many cis-spliced introns. In a relatively intron poor organism G. lamblia, cytosolic Hsp90 is coded by two different ORFs separated by 777 kb in the genome. On multiple sequence alignment, we noticed that these two ORFs correspond to two independent regions of the Hsp90 protein. The ORFs are designated as hspN and hspC, containing the N-terminal and the C-terminal region of the protein respectively. We began our study by sequencing whole genome of Giardia lamblia clinical strain. Our genome sequencing confirmed the split nature of hsp90 and showed high ‘synteny’ between the other sequenced isolates. Using PCR based approach we have ruled out the possibility of having a full length gene in the genome. In contradiction to the genome result, we have observed a higher molecular weight protein in the lysate on proteomic analysis which was further confirmed by western blotting. The protein was observed to have a molecular weight of 80 kDa which could be a resultant of combination of two ORFs, suggesting the presence of a full length mRNA for Hsp90. PCR amplification using primers against both the fragments resulted in amplification of 2.1 kb product from the RNA pool of Giardia. Sequencing of this product showed that hspN and hspC were stitched together to form a mature messenger for full length Hsp90. In total our results suggest a post transcriptional process, trans-splicing, to be involved in the construction of Hsp90. The transition marked by this fusion coincides with the canonical GU¬AG splice site transitions as observed in other eukaryotes. Interestingly, a 26 nt near-complementary region was observed inside and upstream of hspN and hspC ORFs respectively. Put together these results suggest that the 26 nt complementary region acts as the positioning element to bring these two precursors in spatial proximity. With efficient spliceosomal activity these two precursor forms are trans-spliced to generate a full length cytosolic Hsp90 in Giardia. There are only four genes which have cis-spliced introns in the Giardia genome and the core components of the spliceosomal machinery are also present. The presence of canonical splice site in both the transcripts suggests that these transcripts are fused together by the spliceosomal machinery by the phenomenon of trans-splicing. The formation of full length Hsp90 RNA by its fragmented gene is the first example of trans-splicing in Giardia. To understand, are there any other genes which are also similarly trans-spliced we have carried out shotgun proteomic analysis of the total cell lysate obtained from Giardia trophozoites. Using Hsp90 as template, in our proteomic datasets, we have designed an algorithm for identification of additional trans-spliced gene products at the protein level. We have identified a total of 476 proteins of which hypothetical proteins constitute the major class followed by metabolic enzymes. We have compared the theoretical molecular weights for the identified proteins with the experimentally determined mass. Any discrepancy in the molecular mass was further analyzed and we assigned a gene to be potentially trans-spliced based on three criteria: if they were encoded by two or more different ORFs (loci), absence of a single full length counterpart and presence of splice sites with branch point and positional elements. Using this algorithm we were able to identify dynein as a potential candidate of trans-splicing reaction which was confirmed by the nucleotide sequence analysis of the predicted ORFs. Interestingly, dynein gene fragments were observed to be scattered on different chromosomes with minor splice sites unlike hsp90 genes. In vivo Expression of Hsp90 sub-fragments, HspN and HspC In the mature Hsp90 mRNA formed upon trans-splicing, 33 additional codons are present right between hspN and hspC sequences and they were acquired from the upstream region of hspC ORF. The 33 codons encode for an important region of Hsp90 which harbours the conserved catalytic “Arg” residue; suggesting that the full length Giardia Hsp90 (GlHsp90) formed could be an active ATPase. To confirm the same we have carried out in vitro characterization of trans-spliced Hsp90. Towards this, we have cloned, expressed and purified His tag-GlHsp90. As a first step, highly purified protein was used to assess its efficiency in binding to it cognate ligand, ATP, and the known inhibitors. Our binding studies show that GlHsp90 binds to ATP with a dissociation constant of 628 M and to its inhibitors, GA and 17AAG with 1.5 μM and 17.5 μM respectively. The bound ATP will be subsequently cleaved by Hsp90 which is an essential step in the chaperone cycle. As determined in our ATPase assay we observed that GlHsp90 hydrolyzes bound ATP with the catalytic efficiency of 4.4 × 10-5μM-1.min-1which confirms that Hsp90 generated upon trans-splicing is an active ATPase. The uniqueness of the hsp90 gene arrangement in Giardia posed a new question. Do these gene fragments also get translated? Our results suggest that HspN and HspC are poly¬adenylated. In order to determine the levels of these transcripts we performed qRT-PCR using primers specific to HspN, HspC and GlHsp90. We have observed that, in comparison with HspN transcript level, HspC and GlHsp90 transcripts are 15 and 75 folds higher respectively. To check for the presence of translation products of these transcripts, we have re-analyzed our proteomic datasets wherein we could identify peptides corresponding to HspN and HspC in their respective molecular weight region, 45 to 35 kDa. To confirm the proteomic data, western blot analysis was performed for trophozoite lysate on both 1D and 2D gels using anti-HspN antibody. Two specific bands (1D) / spots (2D) corresponding to the full length Hsp90 and HspN were identified. Gel filtration analysis revealed that HspN co¬eluted with full length Hsp90 thereby suggesting that both the proteins are in a same complex. With the background that HspN and HspC are present at the protein level, we asked if these fragments in combination can hydrolyse ATP. We reconstituted recombinant HspN and HspC in equimolar amounts and scored for the hydrolysis of ATP. However, no Pi release was observed. To determine whether HspN and HspC could modulate Hsp90 function, ATPase activity was monitored in the presence of HspN or HspC, in vitro. It was observed that ATPase activity was inhibited by both the fragments thus suggesting that HspN and HspC negatively regulate Hsp90 ATPase activity. Role of Hsp90 in Giardia encystation Giardia has a biphasic life cycle with proliferative trophozoites and latent cyst stage. In Giardia, in vitro encystation was established nearly two decades back by modulating the medium conditions. However, the mechanism and triggers underlying this transition are not well characterized. To understand whether Hsp90 has any role in this transition, in vitro conversion of trophozoites to cysts was achieved. The cysts obtained showed all the characteristic features of mature Giardia cyst with cyst wall protein 1 (CWP1) on the cyst wall and four nuclei as determined by immunofluorescence analysis. Further, the levels of Hsp90 in trophozoites were compared with mature cysts at both transcript and protein levels and it was found that cysts show more than 50% reduction in the level of Hsp90 in comparison with normal trophozoites. In accordance, exogenous inhibition of Hsp90 using 17AAG promoted the formation of cysts in vitro by 60 folds in a dose dependent manner; however, the window period of Hsp90 function compromise plays an important role in this process. Higher numbers of cysts were obtained from the cells treated with inhibitors during pre-encystation condition but inhibition of Hsp90 during encystation did not affect the formation of cysts, suggesting that Hsp90 down-regulation plays an important role during commitment towards encystation. To further show that cyst formation is a specific response to Hsp90 inhibition we have carried out encystation in the presence of metranidazole and from heat shocked cells; however, in both the conditions we did not observe any significant change in cyst formation, thus confirming that Hsp90 plays an important role during encystation in Giardia lamblia. Summary In Conclusion, Our study throws light on a unique aspect of Hsp90 biology in Giardia Lamblia, wherein the formation of the full length protein is dependent on a unique trans splicing reaction of its gene components representing different domains. We have also shown that HsP90 fragments, HspN and HspC, are also expressed in Trophozoites. Our in vitro data suggests that these fragments possibly regulate the function of Hsp90. Furthermore, the full length of Hsp90 plays an important role in stage transition in Giardia wherein inhibition of Hsp90 induces encystations. The study has opened many new avenues for research. Understanding the exact role of HspN and HspC in vivo will provide better appreciation for the evolution of such a complex biogenesis of an essential protein.