The extraction-condensing cogeneration system is a popular technology for heat and power integration which can be used by petrochemical process. To compare with back pressure system, extraction-condensing system has better flexibility for process control. However, the thermal efficiency of extraction- condensing system could be affected by the amount of effective heat to process. If the effective heat to process and the plant power demand were not well designed, the cogeneration system may violate government regulation of ¡§qualified cogeneration system¡¨ by MOEA, or the system economics can not meet investor¡¦s requirement. From another point of view, if the cogeneration system bias original design operating condition or it has to run under low loading, the energy efficiency will move away from the target. A 94.9 MW extraction-condensing system of a petrochemical plant was selected as an example. For the purpose of data requisition, the author established a model to predict main steam flow, extraction steam flow, and power generation load. Moreover, a set of equations for the calculation of heat rate of turbine plant was developed. Besides, a Microsoft Excel calculation sheet was programmed to compute real time plant thermal efficiency. The actual operation data was compared with computer simulation. Results show (1) To meet the regulation, the process steam shall exceed 100 t/h with rated power generation. (2) For the minimum generator load (about 20 MW), the effective heat to process must exceed 78% in order to ensure a 52% overall thermal efficiency. (3) Low load means low thermal efficiency of this system. Some energy conservation ideas of this cogeneration system were assessed. Four ideas were presented, including (1) Increase boiler feed water temperature during low evaporation load. (2) Recovering of flash steam vented from blow down tank for the heating of boiler combustion air. (3) Control of cooling tower fans speed by using frequency inverter. (4) Utilization of hydraulic coupled forced draft fan. The total benefit of these energy conservation ideas is 2,546.44 kilo-liter fuel oil equivalent.

OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the effect of different veneering techniques, Y-TZP core thicknesses, and firing cycles with different heat rates and holding times on the mechanical properties of veneering porcelain. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Biaxial flexural strength and Thermal shock resistance tests were conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties of veneer porcelain. Core material, Y-TZP and two porcelain veneers, IPS e.max Ceram and VITA VM9, were used in this study. Vita YZ zirconia blocks were sectioned and sintered to provide slabs of 1.65, 3.25, and 6.50mm in thickness. Two techniques were used to fabricate VITA VM9 and e.max Ceram porcelain veneer porcelain discs, Hand Layered, mixing powder with manufacturer’s molding liquid, condensed in a mold, and Pressed, pressing powder uniaxially in a mold. A layer of carbon paint was applied to the zirconia to allow removal of the porcelain discs. For thermal shock test the veneering porcelain fired on the Y-TZP core with a wash layer. After the veneer discs were fabricated, they were sintered: (1) According to the manufacturer’s instructions; (2) Two different cycles with slower heat rate and longer holding than the recommended value. Biaxial flexural strength was determined using a universal mechanical tester. Thermal shock tests were performed using a Pober thermal shock device. Statistical analysis was conducted for all tests using ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test at p= 0.05. RESULTS: There was significant effect from changes of YZ Core thickness, firing cycle, and veneer technique on the mechanical properties of porcelain veneer. The veneering technique had the largest impact on the mechanical properties of veneer porcelain followed by firing cycle, followed by YZ core thickness. In using different firing cycles with different heat rates and holding times, slowing the heating rate had more influence on the mechanical properties of veneer porcelain. In measuring the surface temperature of the Y-TZP/VITA VM9 assembly, the specimen surface temperature was coincidental with the furnace programmed firing cycle using a slower heating rate firing cycle. CONCLUSIONS Veneering technique, slower heat rate firing cycle, and Y-TZP core thickness have significant impact on veneering porcelain mechanical properties. / 2018-09-28T00:00:00Z

To reduce emissions, new technological solutions can be of use. One technology which is currently being developed is the Green Revolution Energy Converter, GREC. GREC is an engine with the aim to produce electricity from temperature gradients.  This project is part of a greater project that is divided in two with different focus areas. These two projects aim to deliver a specification of the next step of the prototype, called: Lab Model v3, which is expected to be built in spring 2023. The aim of this report is to contribute with new knowledge about the heat transfer on the hot section of the GREC model. The goal is to design the heat block and conductive fin, HB and CF, to deliver high amount of heat to a volume of air which is called the work generating volume, WGV. This includes evaluating two different heat transfer techniques which in this report are called None Pipe Heat Transfer, NPHT, and Pipe Heat Transfer, PHT. The temperature distribution within the CF and the HB, as well as the heat transfer to the WGV are analyzed.  This analysis is performed for different radii and thicknesses of the CF and HB, different flow rates of the heat carrier in the PHT case, and for different heat source temperatures to see if the two models are applicable in real life applications. The real life application for the NPHT model is a fuel cell vehicle and for the PHT model a district heating system.  To obtain the result, ANSYS Workbench is used to create the model of GREC and MATLAB is used to calculate heat transfer coefficient and pressure losses. Furthermore, an iterative method using COMSOL Multiphysics and ANSYS Workbench was necessary to obtain temperatures of the CF, HB and WGV. The chosen method for this study comes with several uncertainties. However the trends seen in the results can still be considered credible, but exact numbers and other detailed conclusions should be avoided.  For the NPHT model, a large model in terms of radius and thickness, results in the highest total heat rate. This is due to the combination of a large CF and heat source area. The NPHT model with smallest radius and largest thickness results in the most even temperature distribution for the NPHT cases.  The PHT model presents a more even temperature distribution on the surface of the CF than the NPHT model. The largest heat rate from the different configurations derived from the PHT model is approximately three times larger than the heat rate derived from the NPHT model with the same dimensions. Moreover, a higher flow rate on the water in the pipes of the PHT model, does not affect the heat rate or temperature distribution on the CF. Therefore, a lower flow rate could be applied to save pump power. Another conclusion to this project is that the PHT model could be applicable in a district heating system with 80 ◦C, since the heat transfer coefficient values do not differ much between 80 ◦C and 100 ◦C. The NPHT model might also be applicable in a real life application. In that case, the size of CF plays a larger role than the temperature of the heat source in terms of the possible heat rate output. A final conclusion is that size, type of heat source and design of the GREC plays a vital role in terms of temperature distribution on CF and heat rate to WGV. The GREC has the potential to be applicable in real life applications in regards of heat transfer solutions.

Abstract In Sri Lanka, around 50% of the electrical energy generation is done using thermal energy, and hence maintaining generation efficiencies of thermal power plants at an acceptable level is very important from a socio-economic perspective for the economic development of the country. Efficiency monitoring also plays a vital role as it lays the foundation for maintaining and improving of generation efficiency. Heat rate, which is the reciprocal of the efficiency, is used to measure the performance of thermal power plants. In combined cycle power plants, heat rate depends on ambient conditions and efficiencies of subsystems such as the gas turbine, Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG), steam turbine, condenser, cooling tower etc. The heat rate provides only a macroscopic picture of the power plant, and hence it is required to analyse the efficiency of each subsystem in order to get a microscopic picture. Computer modelling is an efficient method which can be used to analyse the each subsystem of a combined cycle power plant. Objective of this research is to develop a computer based tool which simulates the performance of subsystems of a combined cycle power plant in Sri Lanka. At the inception of the research, only heat rate was measured, and performances of subsystem were unknown.                  During the analysis, plant is divided into main systems, in order to study them macroscopically. Then, these main systems are divided into subsystems in order to have a microscopic view. Engineering equation solver (EES) was used to develop the tool, and the final computer model was linked with Microsoft excel package for data handling. Final computer model is executed using both present and past operating data in order to compare present and past performance of the power plant.             In combined cycle power plants steam is injected into the gas turbine to reduce the NOx generation and this steam flow is known as NOx flow. According to the result it was evident that turbine efficiency drops by 0.1% and power output increase by 1MW when NOx flow increases from 4.8 to 6.2kg/s. Further it was possible to conclude that gas turbine efficiency drop by 0.1% when ambient temperature increased by 3 C; and gas turbine power output decrease by 2MW when ambient temperature increases from 27 to 31 degrees.   Regarding the steam cycle efficiency it was found that steam turbine power output drops by  0.5MW when ambient temperature increases from 27 to 31 degrees; and steam cycle efficiency increases by 1% when NOx flow increases from 4.8 to 6.2kg/s. Further, steam turbine power output decreases by 0.25MW When NOx flow increases from 4.8 to 6.2kg/s                 Heat rate, which is the most important performance index of the power plant, increases by 10units (kJ/kWh) when ambient temperature increases by 3 C. Heat rate also increases with raising NOx flow which was 6.2kg/s in 2007 and 4.2kg/s in 2011. Hence, heat rate of the power plant has improved (decreased) by 10units (kJ/kWh) from 2007 to 2011.                Other than above, following conclusions were also revealed during the study.                         1)       HRSG efficiency has not change during past 4 years 2)     Significant waste heat recovery potential exists in the gas turbine ventilation system in the form of thermal energy

Orientador: Caio Glauco Sanchez / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica. / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T19:32:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Muraro_Wilson_M.pdf: 1394873 bytes, checksum: fc32a4e69a7d3e841edaf12eb62d7411 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Hoje no mundo há uma grande rejeição de matériais, resíduos e outros compostos orgânicos que podem ser aproveitados como fontes de energia. Exemplos podem ser observados em todo o mundo e principalmente em regiões onde a pobreza impera e que a energia elétrica pode ser de grande ajuda ou mesmo como um salva vidas. O emprego de pequenas centrais de geração de potencia integradas a um gaseificador comum motor de combustão interna (Integrated Gasefication Combustion EngineI GCE) do ciclo OTTO e adaptado para operar com gás de baixo poder calorífico, constitui uma alternativa interessante e economicamente viável,que possibilita a produção independente de energia elétrica e térmica (Marcelo,2004). Para o aproveitamento de resíduos de BIOMASSA,como a casca de arroz, utilizou-se um processo de gaseificação,que é uma técnica que possibilita o uso energético da biomassa através da obtenção de um gás de baixo poder calorífico (4a6 MJ/Nm33). Utilizou-se um gaseificador de leito fluidizado do Laboratório de combustão da FEM,onde foi instalado um motor de 5965 litros de cilindrada total e 6 cilindros, com taxa de compressão 12:1, do ciclo OTTO, que originalmente é utilizado em veículos movidos a gás natural comprimido. Obteve se os seguintes valores nos ensaios: Potência (kW)=40.7@ 1800 rpm, Avanço(Graus do virabrequim )=30;Temperatura de Escapamento (°C) =596; Lambda =1,12; Pressão Máxima de Combustão (PA) =4000000. Como funcionamento do motor, verificou se a necessidade de algumas alterações em seus componentes, como também mudanças nas regulagens de avanço. É necessário um sistema para aumentar a pressão do gás proveniente do gaseificador e um sistema de partida inicial. Dessa maneira teríamos um motor para operar como grupo gerador e fazer parte de uma planta piloto para geração de energia elétrica por gaseificação de biomassa / Abstract: Nowadays there is a great waste of organic matters, residues and other substances that could be used in a power plant. Examples can mainly be observed in the whole world and in regions where the poverty reigns and where the electric energy could be of great aid.The use of small power generation plants integrated to a gasification with an internal combustion engine (Integrated Gasification Combustion Engine-GCE) of cycle OTTO and adapted to operate with low power heat rate gas, consists an interesting and economical viable alternative, that makes possible the independent production of electric and thermal energy. For the exploitation of residues of BIOMASS, as the rice husk, we used a gasification process that is a form to increase the energy use of the biomass. The gasification can generate thermal energy and electric energy. It was used gasifier of fluidized bed from UNICAMP, where it was installed an engine with of 5,965 liters and 6 cylinders, with compression rate 12:1(cycle OTTO),which was originally used in vehicles powered by compressed natural gas, to running with the gas of low power heat rate (46 MJ/Nm3) produced by gasifier. Typical experimental result. Power (kW)=40,7@1800rpm; Advance (Degrees)=30; Exhaust gas temperature(°C)=596; Lambda=1,12; Maximum Combustion Pressure (PA)=4000000. During the running of the engine, the necessity of some alterations in some components was verified as well changes in the advance regulations. A system to increase the pressure of the gas proceeding from the gasifier and a system of start are necessary. In this way we would have an engine to operate as generating group and to be part of a pilot plant for generation of eletric energy for gasification of biomass in agricultural and interior cities / Mestrado / Termica e Fluidos / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

L'imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM) est un outil remarquable pour le diagnostic clinique, aussi bien pour l'imagerie cérébrale que pour l'imagerie cardiaque et abdominale. En IRM cardiaque, deux problèmes sont récurrents : la non reproductibilité des cycles cardiaques et le mouvement respiratoire. L'IRM cardiaque morphologique est généralement faite avec une séquence composée d'une préparation longue, visant à annuler le signal du sang pour accentuer le contraste au niveau du myocarde, et de l?acquisition à proprement parler. Ces acquisitions sont généralement faites en mésodiastole (phase de relaxation passive du coeur) ce qui permet de satisfaire les contraintes liées à l'annulation du sang et d'éviter les problèmes liés aux non reproductibilités des cycles cardiaques car la mésodiastole est longue. Il est donc difficile de satisfaire les contraintes liées à l?annulation du sang pour faire les acquisitions en télésystole (phase où le coeur est contracté) à cause des non reproductibilités cardiaques car la télésystole est courte. Afin de passer outre ces limitations et de pouvoir acquérir ces mêmes images morphologiques en télésystole, nous proposons une nouvelle méthode adaptative qui permet à la fois de placer la fenêtre d'acquisition de manière optimale et de satisfaire les contraintes liées à l'annulation du sang. Une application de cette méthode a également été mise en place pour estimer et comparer les temps de relaxation transversale (T2) entre télésystole et mésodiastole. Pour la gestion prospective du mouvement respiratoire, le point crucial est d'estimer les mouvements en temps réel en perturbant au minimum les signaux de résonance magnétique. Pour ce faire nous proposons une méthode basée sur l'estimation paramétrique des mouvements en temps réel à partir des signaux physiologiques disponibles (ceintures respiratoires et ECG). Cette méthode a été testée et les résultats montrent son intérêt et sa fiabilité par rapport aux erreurs faites au niveau du mouvement. Une méthode de reconstruction incluant les mouvements a également été utilisée pendant ces travaux afin de faire de l'imagerie en télésystole en respiration libre et d'utiliser d'autres types de capteurs respiratoires comme certains signaux de résonance magnétique. Ainsi pendant ces travaux, des méthodes adaptatives ont été mises en place afin de mieux gérer le mouvement et de prendre en compte les spécificités de chaque patient. Ces travaux ouvrent la voie de l'imagerie par résonance magnétique adaptative pleinement fonctionnelle dans un contexte clinique / Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a valuable tool for the clinical diagnosis for brain imaging as well as cardiac and abdominal imaging. In cardiac MRI, there are two challenging issues: the non reproducibility of cardiac cycles and respiratory motion. Morphological cardiac MRI is generally performed with a pulse sequence composed of a long preparation, to cancel the blood signal and thus enhance the contrast of the myocardium, and the acquisition itself. These acquisitions are performed during the mid-diastolic rest (relaxation period of the heart) to satisfy constraints to cancel the blood signal and to avoid problems linked to the cardiac non reproducibility because the mid-diastolic rest is long. Consequently, to acquire images in end-systolic rest (when the heart is fully contracted) while taking into account constraints to cancel the blood signal is not straight forward due to cardiac non reproducibility because the end-systolic rest is short. To overcome these limitations and to acquire images in end-systolic rest, a new adaptive method is introduced that allows to optimally placing acquisition windows while taking constraint for the cancellation of the blood signal into account. This method was applied to measure and compare transverse relaxation time (T2) between end-systolic and mid-diastolic rests. For prospective respiratory motion correction, the crucial point is to estimate motion in real-time without perturbing MR signal used for imaging. In order to solve this issue, a new method is introduced aiming at estimating motion parameters in real-time based on physiological signals such as respiratory bellows and ECG. This method is evaluated and results show its interest and its reliability regarding motion estimation errors. A reconstructions algorithm is also used in order to perform cardiac imaging during the end-systolic rest in free breathing and to use different kind of respiratory motion sensors such as MR signals. Hence, during this research work, several adaptive method were developed to get a better management of motion and to take into account specificity of each patient. These works open the way of fully functional adaptive magnetic resonance imaging in a clinical situation