Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) systems in conjunction with a primary gas turbine and a secondary steam turbine can provide advanced modern power generation with high thermal efficiency at low cost. To achieve such low cost efficiencies, near optimal settings of parameters of the HRSG must be employed. Unfortunately, current approaches to obtaining such parameter settings are very limited. The published literature associated with the Tabu Search (TS) metaheuristic has shown conclusively that it is a powerful methodology for the solution of very challenging large practical combinatorial optimization problems. This report documents a hybrid TS-direct pattern search (TS-DPS) approach and applied to the thermoeconomic optimization of a three pressure level HRSG system. To the best of our knowledge, this algorithm is the first to be developed that is capable of successfully solving a practical HRSG system. A requirement of the TS-DPS technique was the creation of a robust simulation module to evaluate the associated extremely complex 19 variable objective function. The simulation module was specially constructed to allow the evaluation of infeasible solutions, a highly preferable capability for methods like TS-DPS. The direct pattern search context is explicitly embodied within the TS neighborhoods permitting different neighborhood structures to be tested and compared. Advanced TS is used to control the associated continuum discretization with minimal memory requirements. Our computational studies show that TS is a very effective method for solving this HRSG optimization problem. / text

A combined cycle is one of the thermal cycles used in thermal power plants. It consists of a combination of a gas and a steam turbine, where the waste heat from the gas turbine is used for steam generation in the heat recovery steam generator. The aim of the diploma thesis was the conceptual design of a combined cycle electricity source and the balance calculation of the cycle. The calculation is based on the thermodynamic properties of the substances and the basic knowledge of the Brayton and Rankin-Clausius cycle. The result is the amount and parameters of air, flue gases, and steam/water in individual places and the technological scheme of the source, in which these parameters are listed.

Heat recovery steam generators (HRSG) play a very important role in combined cycle (CC) power plants, where steam is generated from a gas turbine exhaust and supplied at the appropriate pressure and temperature to steam turbines for further power generation. The power plants achieve an overall efficiency above 55% and are ideally suited for combined heat and power generation in utility systems. The performance of energy conversion is improved by reducing exergy losses which implies reducing the temperature difference between the combustion gas and the steam cycle. Thus recent HRSG designs include up to three pressure levels with reheat in the steam cycle for maximum energy recovery and the use of high pressure, high temperature superheater and reheater in CC plants. Super critical boilers are also conceivable. Since HRSG performance has a large impact on the overall efficiency of the CC power plant, an accurate simulation of the performance of the HRSG is necessary. We present a steady state HRSG model to support design and rating simulations of vertical units. The simulation model, called FELVAL, divides the boiler in its rows. The row model can also be divided several times following the tube length, to better estimate the fumes temperature distribution across the hot gas path. Another model, called SUFVAL, carries out the design as well as the automatic generation of the FELVAL units and all the needed connections. The log mean temperature difference (LMTD) method and the effectiveness-NTU (ε -NTU) method are alternatively used to compute the overall heat transferred in each part of the HRSG. The problem of convergence of boiler models with more than one row in parallel is discussed. Good initialisation of the different variables is crucial to obtain convergence. The models are tested on 2 references HRSG. The first one is an assisted circulation boiler that operates at 3 subcritical pressure levels. The second is a once through boiler able to operate above the critical pressure of water. These new models were introduced into a commercial software of data reconciliation (VALI of Belsim sa) already used by the engineering and design departments of a HRSG manufacturer. They thus have a general-purpose package enabling them to make design, data reconciliation and simulation with the same software. Moreover, the use of FELVAL model will enable them to simulate any type of boiler and to obtain informations on the change of the temperatures inside the heat exchangers. This information is crucial for well monitoring closely the operation of a boiler, and better understanding its behaviour. This knowledge improvement allows to limit the overdesign and the safety margins and to reduce the investment costs.

This thesis covers the modelling of a Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) in a Combined Cycle Power Plant(CCPP). This kind of power plant has become more and more utilized because of its high efficiency and low emissions. The HRSG plays a central role in the generation of steam using the exhaust heat from the gas turbine. The purpose of the thesis was to develop efficient dynamic models for the physical components in the HRSG using the modelling and simulation software Dymola. The models are then to be used for simulations of a complete CCPP.The main application is to use the complete model to introduce various disturbances and study their consequences inthe different components in the CCPP by analyzing the simulation results. The thesis is a part of an ongoingdevelopment process for the dynamic simulation capabilities offered by the Solution department at SIT AB. First, there is a theoretical explanation of the CCPP components and control system included in the scope of this thesis. Then the development method is described and the top-down approach that was used is explained. The structure and equations used are reported for each of the developed models and a functional description is given. Inorder to ensure that the HRSG model would function in a complete CCPP model, adaptations were made and tuning was performed on the existing surrounding component models in the CCPP. Static verifications of the models are performed by comparison to Siemens in-house software for static calculations. Dynamic verification was partially done, but work remains to guarantee the validity in a wide operating range. As a result of this thesis efficient models for the drum boiler and its control system have been developed. An operational model of a complete CCPP has been built. This was done integrating the developed models during the work with this thesis together with adaptations of already developed models. Steady state for the CCPP model is achieved during simulation and various disturbances can then be introduced and studied. Simulation time for a typical test case is longer than the time limit that has been set, mainly because of the gas turbine model. When using linear functions to approximate the gas turbine start-up curves instead, the simulation finishes within the set simulation time limit of 5 minutes for a typical test case.

Combined Cycle power plants have recently become a serious alternative for standard coal- and oil-fired power plants because of their high thermal efficiency, environmentally friendly operation, and short time to construct. The combined cycle plant is an integration of the gas turbine and the steam turbine, combining many of the advantages of both thermodynamic cycles using a single fuel. By recovering the heat energy in the gas turbine exhaust and using it to generate steam, the combined cycle leverages the conversion of the fuel energy at a very high efficiency. The heat recovery steam generator forms the backbone of combined cycle plants, providing the link between the gas turbine and the steam turbine. The design of HRSG has historically largely been completed using thermodynamic principles related to the steam path, without much regard to the gas-side of the system. An effort has been made using resources at both UK and Vogt Power International to use computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of the gas-side flow path of the HRSG as an integral tool in the design process. This thesis focuses on how CFD analysis can be used to assess the impact of the gas-side flow on the HRSG performance and identify design modifications to improve the performance. An effort is also made to explore the software capabilities to make the simulation an efficient and accurate.

The main goal of my thesis is to carry out thermic calculations for adjusted conditions of electric and heat energy consumption. The power of the generator is 330 MW. In the proposal, you can find combustion trubines type GE 9171E. Steam-gas power plant is designed to combust metallurgical gases. Effort of the thesis focuses also on giving a new informations about trends in combinated production of electric and heat energy.

This thesis deals with a heat recovery steam generator for gas turbine. According to the given parameters of the flue and steam, thermal balance boiler was design and configuration of the heating surfaces. Furthermore, the parameters calculated in the thermal balance of the individual heat transfer surfaces designed and drawn in the drawing.

The main goal of my thesis is to carry out thermic calculations for adjusted conditions of electric and heat energy consumption. The power of the generator is 330 MW. In the proposal, you can find combustion trubines type GE 9171E. Steam-gas power plant is designed to combust metallurgical gases. Effort of the thesis focuses also on giving a new informations about trends in combinated production of electric and heat energy.

This thesis deals with thermal calculation and design of proportions and layout of calorific components of a heat recovery steam generator according to given output parameters of steam and input parameters of flue gas. Furthermore, the proportions of boiler drums and irrigation and transfer pipes are designed and draught losses are calculated.

This master‘s thesis describes thermal calculation and design of proportions of calorific components of a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) for given input parameters of flue gas and output parameters of steam. Part of the thesis is design proportions of boiler drums, irrigation and transfer pipes. On the end of the thesis is counting draught losses and design drawning of steam generator.