Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-04-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:29:57Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_mc_me_ilha.pdf: 749066 bytes, checksum: 898e72bcde1702f0b46c2b4a5c84198f (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Neste trabalho, apresenta-se um modelo numérico do escoamento e da transferência de calor, no regime transiente, de fluidos refrigerantes no interior de tubos capilares, largamente usados como dispositivos de expansão em sistemas de refrigeração e condicionamento de ar de pequeno porte. Os tubos capilares aqui analisados formam, em parte de suas extensões, um trocador de calor em contracorrente com a linha de sucção do compressor, conhecido como trocador de calor tubo capilar-linha de sucção. A análise do comportamento dinâmico do escoamento é de fundamental importância, pois os tubos capilares são usados em sistemas de refrigeração, que geralmente são controlados pelo método liga-desliga. Tal escoamento é assumido unidimensional e, dependendo da condição no tempo, é dividido em uma região onde o fluido refrigerante encontra-se no estado de líquido sub-resfriado, outra de escoamento bifásico líquido-vapor e outra de vapor superaquecido. O tubo capilar é considerado reto, horizontal, com diâmetro constante e o fenômeno de metaestabilidade do escoamento é desconsiderado. Implementa-se no modelo o procedimento para a simulação de transientes de partida do sistema. A solução do sistema de equações diferenciais, usando o método de Volumes Finitos, é obtida ao longo do tubo até que a condição de bloqueio seja alcançada, ou até que a pressão de evaporação seja atingida, caso o escoamento não esteja bloqueado. Os resultados obtidos são comparados com os dados experimentais disponíveis na literatura e obtidos a partir de outros modelos / This work presents a numerical model to simulate unsteady flow and heat transfer along nonadiabatic capillary tubes, commonly used as expansion devices in small refrigeration and air conditioning systems. These capillary tubes form with the suction line of the compressor, in part of their extension, a counter flow heat exchanger. Such device is called capillary tubesuction line heat exchanger. Analysis of the flow dynamic behavior is very important, since the capillary tubes are used in refrigeration systems generally controlled by on-off method. The flow along the straight and horizontal capillary tube, with constant inner diameter, is divided, depending of time condition, into three regions: a single-phase flow of subcooled liquid, a two-phase flow region and a single phase of flow superheat. The flow is taken as one-dimensional and the metastable flow phenomenon is neglected. The procedure for simulation of the start-up transient period of the system is implemented in the model. The solution of the governing equations is obtained using the Finite Volume method, along the tube until the blocking condition is reached, or until the evaporation pressure is reached, if the flow is not blocked. The numerical results obtained are compared with the experimental date from the literature and with results obtained from other models

This study investigates sources of steady state computational uncertainty in an effective heat transfer coefficient (HTC) within a non-reacting bubbling fluidized bed with immersed horizontal heat-conducting tubes. The methodical evaluation of this variation, or Uncertainty Quantification (UQ), is a critical step in the experimental analysis process, and is particularly important when the values of input physical parameters are unknown or experimental data is sparse. While the concept applies broadly to all studies, this application investigates a 2D unit cell analogue of a bubbling fluidized bed designed for large-scale carbon capture applications. Without adequate characterization of simulation uncertainties in the HTC, bed operating characteristics, including the thermal efficiency, carbon capture efficiency, and sorbent half-life cannot be well understood. We focus on three primary parameters, solid-solid coefficient of restitution, solid-wall coefficient of restitution, and turbulence model, and consider how their influences vary at different bed solid fractions. This is accomplished via sensitivity analysis and the Bayesian Spline Smoothing (BSS) Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) framework. Results indicate that uncertainties approach 20% at high gas fractions, with the turbulence model accounting for 80% of this variation and the solid-solid coefficient of restitution accounting for the additional 20%.

The phenomenon of a fire occurring in nature comes with a very high level of complexity. One central obstacle is the range of scales in such fires. In order to understand wildfires, research has to be conducted across these scales in order to study the mechanisms which drive wildfire behavior. The hazard related to such fires is ever more increasing as the living space of communities continues to increase and infringe with the wildland at the wildland-urban interface. In order to do so, a strong understanding on the possible wildfire behavior that may occur is critical. An array of factors impact wildfire behavior, which are generally categorized into three groups: (1) fuel (type, moisture content, loading, structure, continuity); (2) environmental (wind, temperature, relative humidity, precipitation); and (3) topography (slope, aspect). The complexity and coupling of factors impacting various scales of wildfire behavior has been the focus of much experimental and numerical work over the past decades. More recently, the need to quantify wildland fuel flammability and use the knowledge in mitigating risks, for example by categorizing vegetation according to their flammability has been recognized. Fuel flammability is an integral part of understanding wildfire behavior, since it can provide a quantification of the ignition and burning behavior of wildland fuel beds. Determining flammability parameters for vegetative fuels is however not a straight forward task and a rigorous standardized methodology has yet to be established. It is the intent of this work to aid in the path of finding a most suitable methodology to test vegetative fuel flammability. This is achieved by elucidating the fundamental heat and mass transfer mechanisms that drive ignition and burning behavior of porous wildland fuel beds. The work presented herein is a continuation of vegetative fuel flammability research using bench-scale calorimetry (the FM Global Fire Propagation Apparatus). This apparatus allows a high level of control of critical parameters. Experimental studies investigate how varying external heat flux (radiative), ventilation conditions (forced airflow rate, oxygen concentration, and temperature), and moisture content affect the ignition and burning behavior of wildland fuel. Two distinct ignition regimes were observed for radiative heating with forced convection cooling: (1) convection/radiation for low heating rates; and (2) radiation only for high heating rates. The threshold for the given convection conditions was near 45 kW.m-2. For forced convection, ignition behavior is dominated by convection cooling in comparison to dilution; ignition times were constant when the oxygen flow rate was varied (constant flow magnitude). Analysis of a radiative Biot number including heat losses (convection and radiation) indicated that the pine needles tested behaved thermally thin for the given heating rates (up to 60 kW.m-2). A simplified onedimensional, multi-phase heat transfer model for porous media is validated with experimental results (in-depth temperature measurements, critical heat flux and ignition time). The model performance was adequate for two species only, when the convective Froude number is less than 1.0 (only one packing ratio was tested). Increasing air flow rates resulted in higher heat of combustion due to increased pyrolysis rates. In the given experiments (ventilation controlled environment) combustion efficiency decreased with increasing O2 flow rates. Flaming combustion of pine needles in such environments resulted in four times greater CO generation rates compared to post flaming smoldering combustion. A link was made to live fuel flammability that is important for understanding the occurrence of extreme fire conditions such as crowning and to test if live fuel flammability contributes to the occurrence of a typical fire season. Significant seasonal variations were observed for the ignition and burning behavior of conditioned live pine needles. Variation and peak flammability due to ignition time and heat release rate can be associated to the growing season (physical properties and chemical composition of the needles). Seasonal trends were masked when unconditioned needles were tested as the release of water dominated effects. For wet fuel, ignition time increases linearly with fuel moisture content (FMC, R2 = 0.93). The peak heat release rate decreased non-linearly with FMC (R2 = 0.77). It was determined that above a threshold of 60% FMC (d.w.), seasonal variation in the heat release rate can be neglected. A novel live fuel flammability assessment to evaluate the seasonality of ignition and burning behavior is proposed. For the given case (NJ Pine Barrens, USA), the flammability assessment indicated that the live fuel is most flammable in August. Such assessment can provide a framework for a live fuel flammability classification system that is based on rigorous experimentation in well controlled fire environments.

[pt] O duto estudado era composto por duas laterais arco cilíndricas convexas isotérmicas de mesmo raio por uma base plana adiabática. Obteve-se os coeficientes de transporte de calor para convecção forçada em regime laminar deste canal. Para tanto, optou-se pelo emprego do método da analogia de transparência de massa e calor. A técnica recorrida foi a de sublimação de naftaleno, cuja utilização exigiu instrumentos de precisão e condições ambientais controladas. A variação da massa, devido à sublimação, das laterais de naftaleno análogas às superfícies isotérmicas fornecia, juntamente com outros parâmetros, o conhecimento dos coeficientes médios de troca de massa. Estes eram adimensionados como número de sherwood. Apartir dos pontos experimentais encontrados determinou-se a equação do comportamento do número de Sherwood, para perfil não desenvolvido, em função do comprimento adimensional, definido como o inverso do número de Graetz. Aplicada à analogia, chegou-se aos coeficientes médios de transferência de calor, adimensionalizados como número de Nusselt. Em posse destes resultados, fez-se a análise teórico da performance de um coletor solar simulado utilizando o canal em estudo. / [en] The duct analyzed was made up of two cylindrical side walls and anadiabatic base plate. Heat transfer coefficients for forced convection in laminar flow were obtained. The heat and mass transfer analogy method was used by applying the naphtalene sublimation tecnique. The side walls mass change, due to sublimation, supplied the overall mass transfer coefficients. These were stated in dimensionless form as sherwood’s number. An equation giving Sh as a function of the dimensionless length was obtained from the experimental points. The profile was not fully developed. In accordance with the analogy the overall heat transfer coefficients were found. A theoretical study of a solar energy collector employing these duct was made.

Climate change is becoming more severe than ever in human history and the emission of green house gas urgently needs to be reduced while global energy consumption remains booming. Large-scale application of clean fossil fuel combustion shall be considered as a priority for its economical advantages as well as reliability in meeting global energy needs. Oxygen-fired pressurized fluidized bed combustor technology with downstream carbon capture and sequestration is considered a key approach to clean coal combustion. In such technology, the fluidized bed combustor operates at elevated pressures and houses an in-bed heat exchanger tube bundle. It is essential to understand the rate of heat transfer between the immersed heat exchange surface and the fluidized bed as it is a key parameter in heat exchanger design. The goal of this work was to investigate the impact of pressure and presence of fine particles (i.e., surrogate for pulverized fuel) on the overall tube-to-bed heat transfer coefficient. Experiments were conducted in a pilot-scale fluidized bed with an inner diameter of 0.15 m under cold flow conditions. A tube bundle consisting of five horizontal staggered rows was completely submerged in the bed. One of the tubes was replaced by a heating cartridge housed in a hollowed copper rod. Five thermocouples distributed at 45º intervals along the copper rod circumference measured the surface temperature and ensured that local effects were included. The bed material was large glass beads of 1.0 mm in diameter while the fines were glass beads of 60 µm in diameter and thus susceptible to entrainment. The fine particles were continuously fed to the fluidized bed and then captured downstream by a filter system. Fluidization was conducted at 101, 600 and 1200 kPa with excess gas velocities (Ug - Umf) of 0.21, 0.29 and 0.51 m/s. Fine particle feed rates were 0, 9.5 and 14.4 kg/h. Two heating rod positions (2nd row and 4th row) were studies. Overall, the heat transfer coefficient approximately doubled when pressure was increased from 101 to 1200 kPa. At atmospheric conditions, where the slug flow regime occurred, the maximum heat transfer coefficient was at the bottom of the rod, while it moved to the side of the rod at high pressures where the bubbling regime occurred. As the heating rod moving from 2nd row to the 4th row, the averaged heat transfer coefficient increased by respectively 18%, 9% and 6% at 101, 600 and 1200 kPa. The addition of fine particles decreased the average heat transfer coefficient by 10 to 20 W/m2 K where the time – averaged heat transfer coefficient was approximately 220 and 450 W/m2K at 101 kPa and 1200 kPa respectively. There was no effect on the angular profile across the tube surface. The results showed that average heat transfer coefficients matched the correlation developed by Molerus et al. (1995) within a 5% difference across all conditions when fines were not present.

[pt] A utilização de usinas termoelétricas torna importante a análise dos efeitos de dispersão de poluentes térmicos em cursos d água. Modelos matemáticos, tais como o modelo Fickiano [5] e o modelo de PAILY E SAYRE [6], tem sido utilizados na análise de tais efeitos. No presente trabalho, foram efetuadas simulações experimentais de dispersão térmica, utilizando-se uma canaleta com injeção de água quente em uma posição arbitrária, tendo sido medido o campo de temperatura criado. Os resultados são comparados com aqueles fornecidos pelos modelos mencionados, aplicando-se o método das fontes imagens. Devido às limitações do modelo de PAILY E SAYRE, generalizou-se o mesmo para fontes térmicas colocadas em uma posição arbitraria no canal. Qualitativamente, o modelo de PAILY E SAYRE mostrou-se mais satisfatório que o modelo Fickiano e o método das fontes imagens foi considerado adequado. / [en] The instalation of steam-eletric power plants using either fóssil or nuclear fuels makes important the analysis of the effects of the dispersion of thermal pollutants in water streams. Mathematical models, such as the Fickian model [5] and the modelo of PAILY and SAYRE [6], have been used in the analysis of such effects. In the present work, experimental simulations of thermal dispersion were maden using an artificial channel with injection of hot water posicioned at any place in the middle of the channel and meaurements of the temperature field were taken. The results were compared with the results given by the mentioned models, applying the image sources method. Due to the limitations of the model of PAILY and SAYRE, it was generalized for thermal sources posicioned at any place in the channel. Qualitatively, the model of PAILY and SAYRE proved to be more satisfactory than the Fickian model and the image sources method was considered adequate.

[pt] A ebulição nucleada é o regime de ebulição de maior interesse para a maioria das aplicações práticas. Neste regime, altos fluxos de calor podem ser atingidos de uma maneira estável, para moderados superaquecidos da superfície. Neste trabalho, é desenvolvido um aparato experimental para o estudo dos fatores que afetam a ebulição nucleada. Este aparato experimental é testado, fazendo-se ensaios de ebulição nucleada em uma seção de teste anular, para um escoamento de água subresfriada. São realizadas ensaios variando os seguintes parâmetros: pressão, velocidade do fluíio e temperatura de entra da do fluido na seção de teste. O desempenho do aparato experimental é analisado através dos resultados obtidos e dos problemas surgidos durante o experimento. / [en] Nucleate boiling is the most interesting boiling regime for practical applications. Such regime is characterized by very high heat transfer rates with only small surface superheating. In this work, an experimental apparatus is developed for the study of the parameters that effect nucleate boiling. The experimental setup is tested for nucleate boiling in an annular test section with subcooled water flow. The following parameters are analyzed: pressure, fluid velocity and the fluid temperature at the test section entrance. The performance of the experimental apparatus is analyzed by the results and by the problems raised by the operation of the setup.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-10-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:12:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 arfelli_sl_me_bauru.pdf: 673378 bytes, checksum: 8e81c63e233d9f9a47e797c41cb63424 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este estudo tem como objetivo utilizar expressões disponíveis na literatura para analisar a influência das diferentes geometrias dos tanques no coeficiente global de troca de calor. Optou-se por estudar o aquecimento do xarope de açúcar cristal por tratar-se de um produto largamente aplicado na fabricação de doces, alimentos e bebidas carbonatadas. Pesquisou-se na literatura as propriedades termodinâmicas e as características físicas do vapor d'água, da água e do xarope de açúcar, aplicados nos cálculos dos coeficientes de película e no balanço de energia do sistema térmico. Os estudos e simulações feitas com utilização do programa Geopack, para os tanques com relação T/H de 0,8 1,0 e 1,2 e impelidores com relação d/T de 02, 0,4 e 0,7, estabeleceram as faixas de valores para a rotação dos impelidores, velocidade média do produto, a capacidade de deslocamento volumétrico e a potência requerida, mantendo-se constante o número de impelidores e o nível de agitação. Aplicou-se a teoria clássica da transmissão de calor, os fundamentos da teoria da agitação, as considerações mecânicas e as equações apropriadas para o dimensionamento do tanque. Os resultados mostraram que os tanques mais esbeltos, com impelidor descentralizado, apresentam melhor aproveitamento. Concluiu-se que, na definição geométrica de um reator, a relação entre o diâmetro e a altura T/H deve ser menor que 1,0. Por sua vez, em decorrência da potência consumida, o impelidor com diâmetro igual a 0,4 do diâmetro do tanque, mostrou-se mais adequado. O emprego de pressões maiores para o vapor saturado reduz o tempo de processamento, embora possa implicar no aumento da espessura da chaparia e no consumo de combustível na caldeira. / This study have how objective to analyze expressions available in the literature for the calculation of the global coefficient of exchange of heat in tanks with different model geometric. It was opted to study the heating of the syrup of crystal sugar because of treating a product widely applied in the manufacture sweets, foods and carbonated drunks. Were investigated in the literature the properties thermodynamics and the physical characteristics of the steam of water, of the water and of the syrup of sugar, applieds in the calculations of the coefficients of film and in the swinging of energy of the thermal system. The studies and simulations done with the use of the program Geopack, for the tanks with the T/H *0,8, 1,0 and 1,2) and impellers with ratio d/T (0,2 0,4 and 0,7), established the range valves for the rotation of the impellers, average speed of the product, the capacity of volumetric dislocation and the applied power, when the number is remaining constant of impellers and the level of agitation. It was applied the classic theory of the transmission of heat, the foundations of the theory of agitation, the mechanical considerations and the appropriate equations for calculating the size of the tank. The results showed that the most slender tanks, impeller with decentralized, present better use. It was concluded that, in the geometrical definition of a reactor, the relation between the diameter and height of the back must be smaller than to 1,0. For its time, as a result of the consumed power, the impeller with equal diameter to 0,4 of the diameter of the tank, appeared more appropriate. The employment of the bigger pressures for the full steam reduces the time of processing, though it could tease in the increase of plate thickness and in the consumption of fuel in the boiler.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Mathematics / Alexander G. Ramm / In this dissertation, the author presents two independent researches on inverse problems: (1) creating materials in which heat propagates a long a line and (2) 3D inverse scattering problem with non-over-determined data. The theories of these methods were developed by Professor Alexander Ramm and are presented in Chapters 1 and 3. The algorithms and numerical results are taken from the papers of Professor Alexander Ramm and the author and are presented in Chapters 2 and 4.

L'encrassement est défini comme la formation d'un dépôt sur les surfaces d'échange des échangeurs thermiques, créant une résistance supplémentaire aux transferts de chaleur dans ces dispositifs. Ces phénomènes, rencontrés dans de nombreux procédés industriels, nuisent aux récupérations d'énergie. Cette étude porte sur l'amélioration de l'efficacité énergétique des raffineries de pétrole par réduction de l'encrassement dans les échangeurs thermiques de train de préchauffe. Deux voies sont étudiées dans ces travaux: l'identification de paramètres opératoires optimums permettant de limiter la formation d'un dépôt encrassant dans les échangeurs actuellement en place en raffinerie et la recherche de technologies d'échangeurs retardant l'encrassement. Une boucle d'essais innovante, permettant de reproduire les niveaux de température, de pression et de débits rencontrés en fin de train de préchauffe, a été construite. Les fluides, i.e. du pétrole brut et du résidu atmosphérique, coupe lourde du pétrole, sont conservés. Deux technologies d'échangeurs sont étudiées au cours de cette thèse: un échangeur tubes et calandre, actuellement la plus rencontrée en raffinerie, et un échangeur à plaques soudées. La première section d'essais, dimensionnée de manière à reproduire les niveaux d'échanges thermiques et les écoulements des échangeurs industriels, joue un rôle de référence et permet une étude paramétrique de l'encrassement. L'efficacité des échangeurs Compabloc sur la réduction de l'encrassement est étudiée via la seconde section d'essais. Enfin, un travail sur l'optimisation des paramètres de modèles d'encrassement existants a été réalisé en vue d'améliorer la précision de leurs prédictions. / Fouling is considered as one of the major unsolved problem in heat exchangers. It generates additional resistances to heat transfer, a decrease of the thermal effectiveness and an increase of pressure drop in industrial units. Those phenomenon, meet on several industrial process, increase the energy consumption with detrimental environmental and economical consequences. Because of complex chemical composition, crude oil fouling mechanisms are not well understood. Also, poor plant data makes analyses of performance of different exchangers in fouling condition limited. An innovative test loop was designed to study hydrocarbon fouling in industrial operating conditions. Test sections were constructed to be representative of industrial heat exchanger technologies. The first technology tested was a shell and tubes heat exchanger, the most common heat exchanger technology in refinery pre-heat train. Experimental results and process data from test bench showed that the test section fouling behavior is similar to an industrial heat exchanger. The fouling test loop was validated by measuring fouling rates close to both literature and industrial values. After this first step of validation, the efficiency of a cross flow plate heat exchanger on reducing fouling in refinery preheat train was tested. In order to improve heat exchanger sizing, fouling models parameters were optimised.