La cuisson est un procédé universel de transformation de la matière première carnée en aliment. Le chauffage de la matrice musculaire conditionne diverses qualités organoleptiques, technologiques, sanitaires et nutritionnelles des viandes cuites. La cuisson étant appliquée de plus en plus fréquemment en conditions industrielles standardisées, il est pertinent de modéliser certains mécanismes clés dans le déterminisme de ces qualités afin d’optimiser le procédé. Pour cela, une démarche expérimentale originale a été mise en place fondée sur une analyse quantitative, locale, dynamique et in situ de la viande pendant la cuisson. Cette démarche ne fait pas d’hypothèse réductionniste en étudiant un échantillon intact à l’échelle de l’aliment consommé, ni d’hypothèse simplificatrice en prenant en compte les variations spatiales de la température dans l’échantillon. Elle s’appuie sur des développements originaux en imagerie par résonance magnétique nucléaire à haut champ et en traitement d’images pour cartographier la déformation et la quantité d’eau. Des modèles robustes liant température, déformation et quantité d’eau ont été obtenus pour des muscles de teneur variable en tissu conjonctif. Les résultats montrent principalement une augmentation de la déformation avec la température en plusieurs phases dont les caractéristiques dépendent de la composition du muscle, et une diminution de la quantité d’eau avec la température. Tous ces résultats sont discutés et interprétés au regard du comportement à la température des différents composants du muscle. Ce travail montre d’abord que l’imagerie dynamique, quantitative et multiparamétrique permet de décrypter des mécanismes intervenant lors de la cuisson des viandes sans établir des hypothèses réductrices lors de l’interprétation de ces phénomènes. Elle a conduit de plus, à des développements méthodologiques applicables à d’autres champs et ouvre la voie à d’autres investigations dans le domaine de l’optimisation qualitative des produits carnés transformés. / Cooking is a general process which transforms the meat raw material into food. The heating of muscle matrix influences different organoleptic, industrial, health and nutritional qualities of cooked meat. Cooking being applied more and more frequently in standardized and industrial conditions, it makes sense to model some key mechanisms which determine the latter qualities in order to optimize the process. For this purpose, an original experimental approach has been developed based on a quantitative, local, dynamic and in situ analysis of the meat during cooking. This approach is not based on any reductionist hypothesis by studying an intact sample at the scale of the consumed food, nor by the simplifying assumption of taking into account the spatial variations of temperature in the sample. It is based on original developments in nuclear magnetic resonance imaging at high-field and on image processing in order to map deformation and the water content. Robust models linking temperature, deformation and water content were obtained for muscles differing from their content in connective tissue. The results mainly show a deformation increase with the temperature in several phases whose characteristics depend on the muscle composition, and a decrease in the water content with temperature. All these results are discussed and interpreted thanks to the temperature behavior of the various muscle components. This work first shows that quantitative, multi-parametric and dynamic imaging can decipher the mechanisms involved during meat cooking, without formulating simplifying assumptions in the interpretation of these phenomena. Furthermore, it has led to methodological developments applicable to other fields and paves the way for further investigations in the field of quality optimization of processed meat products.

In decades, the tremendous development of integrated circuits industry could be mostly attributed to SiO2, since its satisfactory properties as a gate dielectric candidate. The effectivity of SiO2 has been challenged since dielectric layer was scaled down below 3nm, when the gate leakage current of SiO2 became unacceptable. Institution to silicon-based CMOS techniques were proposed, but they have their own limitations. Nowadays, materials with high dielectric constants are mainstream gate dielectric materials in industry, but a SiO2 interfacial layer is still necessary to avoid gap between gate dielectric layer and Si substrate, and to minimize interface trap charges. In this thesis work, by applying lateral heating process on Si wafer with thermally grown ultrathin SiO2, the gate leakage current density could be reduced by 3-5 order of magnitude. MOS capacitors were fabricated, and electrical properties were tested with semiconductor parameter analyzer and LCR meter. The underlying mechanism of this appealing phenomenon was explored. Since unacceptable gate leakage current is one of the main reasons which prevent the scaling trend in semiconductor industry, this technology brings a possibility to post-pone the end of scaling trend, and pave a way for extensive application in industry. A new method for fabrication of MOS capacitors metal gate has been developed, and lift-off process has been replaced by wet etching process. This method provides better contact between dielectric layer and metal gate, meanwhile much easier operation.

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