A nuclear microprobe, typically consisting of 2 - 4 quadrupole magnetic lenses and apertures serving as objective and a collimating divergence slits, focuses MeV ions to approximately 1 x 1 μm for modification and analysis of materials. Although far less utilized, electrostatic quadrupole fields similarly afford strong focusing of ions and have the added benefit of doing so independent of ion mass. Instead, electrostatic quadrupole focusing exhibits energy dependence on focusing ions. A heavy ion microprobe could extend the spatial resolution of conventional microprobe techniques to masses untenable by quadrupole magnetic fields. An electrostatic quadrupole doublet focusing system has been designed and constructed using several non-conventional methods and materials for a wide range of microprobe applications. The system was modeled using the software package "Propagate Rays and Aberrations by Matrices" which quantifies system specific parameters such as demagnification and intrinsic aberrations. Direct experimental verification was obtained for several of the parameters associated with the system. Details of the project and with specific applications of the system are presented.

Accurate knowledge of stopping powers is essential for these for quantitative analysis and surface characterization of thin films using ion beam analysis (IBA). These values are also of interest in radiobiology and radiotherapy, and in ion- implantation technology where shrinking feature sizes puts high demands on the accuracy of range calculations. A theory that predicts stopping powers and ranges for all projectile-target combinations is needed. The most important database used to report the stopping powers is the SRIM/TRIM program developed by Ziegler and coworkers. However, other researchers report that at times, these values differ significantly from experimental values. In this study the stopping powers of Si, P and S ions have been measured in Ni, Cu, Ge and GaAs absorbers in the energy range ~ 2-10 MeV. For elemental films of Ni, Cu and Ge, the stopping of heavy ions was measured using a novel ERD (Elastic Recoil Detection) based technique. In which an elastically recoiled lighter atom is used to indirectly measure the energy of the incoming heavy ion using a surface barrier detector. In this way it was possible to reduce the damage and to improve the FWHM of the detector. The results were compared to SRIM-2000 predictions and other experimental measurements. A new technique derived from Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) was developed to prepare stoichiometric GaAs films on thin carbon films for use in transmission ion beam experiments. The GaAs films were characterized using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE). These films were used to investigate the stopping powers of energetic heavy ions in GaAs and to provide data for the calculation of Bethe-Bloch parameters in the framework of the Modified Bethe-Bloch theory. As a result of this study, stopping power data are available for the first time for Si and P ions in the energy range 2-10 MeV stopping in GaAs absorbers.

Legends That Sleep Kick Bogotá at Night is a short story collection that parodies the gender, moral, and social constructs of Colombian mythology and folklore. Set in contemporary times, the stories depict slews of grotesque transformations and rituals happening during plane flights, sibling tomfoolery, neck kisses, social network log-ins, trips to the family graveyard, conversations with escorts, and waves of town gossip. The folktale monsters aim to enlist the reader as their accomplice in their quest to fight against the forces that seek to permanently subdue and marginalize them. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.F.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2014. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Foram realizadas medidas de seções de choque para processos onde ocorre a emissão binária de fragmentos complexos, utilizando técnicas de coincidência cinemática, para o sistema 16O + 10B no intervalo de 22 MeV < EC.M. < 24.5 MeV com EC.M. ~ 20 KeV e 17 MeV < EC.M. < 25 MeV com EC.M. ~ 190 KeV e para o sistema 19F + 12C em 22 MeV < EC.M. < 24.5 MeV com EC.M. ~ 20 KeV. As funções de excitação obtidas apresentam fortes flutuações. As larguras médias destas flutuações foram obtidas através da análise das funções de correlação em energia. Para o sistema 16O + 10B foram obtidas larguras da ordem de 25 KeV e 350 KeV. Para o sistema 19F + 12C obteve-se larguras da ordem de 40 KeV. As larguras menores, para ambos os sistemas, apresentam comportamento aproximadamente constante, tanto em função da energia de excitação dos fragmentos no canal de saída quanto em função do ângulo de emissão destes fragmentos. Estas larguras sugerem que o tempo de vida do sistema intermediário, da ordem de 2 x 10-20 s, seja muito superior ao seu tempo de rotação, condizente com o previsto para um mecanismo de fusão-fissão. A largura maior obtida para o sistema 16O + 10B apresenta, no canal de espalhamento elástico, uma dependência clara com o ângulo de espalhamento. Esta largura, assim como a dependência angular observada, sugere que o tempo de vida do sistema intermediário seja levemente superior ao tempo de revolução do mesmo. Estes fatos sugerem que o mecanismo responsável por estas flutuações seja o \"orbiting\" nuclear. Foram feitas comparações com modelos onde há a formação de núcleo composto e \"orbiting\" nuclear e os resultados obtidos são consistentes com os dados experimentais. / Binary decay cross section measurements have been performed for the system 16O + 10B at 22 MeV < EC.M. < 24.5 MeV (EC.M. ~ 20 KeV) and 17 MeV < EC.M. < 25 MeV (EC.M. ~ 190 KeV ) and for the system 19F + 12C at 22 MeV < EC.M. < 24.5 MeV (EC.M. ~ 20 KeV). The binary fragments were identified by the kinematic coincidence technique. The excitation functions for these systems show strong fluctuations and their average widths were obtained through the analysis of energy correlation functions. The small widths observed for the 16O + 10B (about 20 KeV) and 19F + 12C (about 40 KeV) systems show a constant behavior with the fragments excitation energy and scattering angle. These widths correspond to an intermediate system time scale of about 2 x 10-20 s which is larger than its revolution time. These features suggest the presence of the fusion-fission mechanism, where the compound nucleus spends a lot of time to acquire a relaxed form and thermal equilibrium. For the 16O + 10B system, larger widths (about 350 KeV) were also observed which are related to a faster process. These widths show a clear dependence with the scattering angle in the elastic scattering channel. These aspects are expected for a process where the time scale is comparable to the intermediate system revolution time, like an orbiting mechanism. Theoretical predictions for fusion-fission and orbiting mechanisms were compared to the experimental results and a good agreement was observed.

Foram realizadas medidas de seções de choque para processos onde ocorre a emissão binária de fragmentos complexos, utilizando técnicas de coincidência cinemática, para o sistema 16O + 10B no intervalo de 22 MeV < EC.M. < 24.5 MeV com EC.M. ~ 20 KeV e 17 MeV < EC.M. < 25 MeV com EC.M. ~ 190 KeV e para o sistema 19F + 12C em 22 MeV < EC.M. < 24.5 MeV com EC.M. ~ 20 KeV. As funções de excitação obtidas apresentam fortes flutuações. As larguras médias destas flutuações foram obtidas através da análise das funções de correlação em energia. Para o sistema 16O + 10B foram obtidas larguras da ordem de 25 KeV e 350 KeV. Para o sistema 19F + 12C obteve-se larguras da ordem de 40 KeV. As larguras menores, para ambos os sistemas, apresentam comportamento aproximadamente constante, tanto em função da energia de excitação dos fragmentos no canal de saída quanto em função do ângulo de emissão destes fragmentos. Estas larguras sugerem que o tempo de vida do sistema intermediário, da ordem de 2 x 10-20 s, seja muito superior ao seu tempo de rotação, condizente com o previsto para um mecanismo de fusão-fissão. A largura maior obtida para o sistema 16O + 10B apresenta, no canal de espalhamento elástico, uma dependência clara com o ângulo de espalhamento. Esta largura, assim como a dependência angular observada, sugere que o tempo de vida do sistema intermediário seja levemente superior ao tempo de revolução do mesmo. Estes fatos sugerem que o mecanismo responsável por estas flutuações seja o \"orbiting\" nuclear. Foram feitas comparações com modelos onde há a formação de núcleo composto e \"orbiting\" nuclear e os resultados obtidos são consistentes com os dados experimentais. / Binary decay cross section measurements have been performed for the system 16O + 10B at 22 MeV < EC.M. < 24.5 MeV (EC.M. ~ 20 KeV) and 17 MeV < EC.M. < 25 MeV (EC.M. ~ 190 KeV ) and for the system 19F + 12C at 22 MeV < EC.M. < 24.5 MeV (EC.M. ~ 20 KeV). The binary fragments were identified by the kinematic coincidence technique. The excitation functions for these systems show strong fluctuations and their average widths were obtained through the analysis of energy correlation functions. The small widths observed for the 16O + 10B (about 20 KeV) and 19F + 12C (about 40 KeV) systems show a constant behavior with the fragments excitation energy and scattering angle. These widths correspond to an intermediate system time scale of about 2 x 10-20 s which is larger than its revolution time. These features suggest the presence of the fusion-fission mechanism, where the compound nucleus spends a lot of time to acquire a relaxed form and thermal equilibrium. For the 16O + 10B system, larger widths (about 350 KeV) were also observed which are related to a faster process. These widths show a clear dependence with the scattering angle in the elastic scattering channel. These aspects are expected for a process where the time scale is comparable to the intermediate system revolution time, like an orbiting mechanism. Theoretical predictions for fusion-fission and orbiting mechanisms were compared to the experimental results and a good agreement was observed.

Neste trabalho foi proposto um método de deconvolução para extrair experimentalmente a densidade da matéria nuclear no estado fundamental a partir de dados de espalhamento elástico entre íons pesados em energias baixas (abaixo da barreira de fusão) e intermediárias. A consistência dos resultados foi totalmente verificada. O método se mostrou uma poderosa ferramenta para a determinação experimental da densidade da matéria de núcleos no estado fundamental, particularmente em uma região superficial, onde a diferença entre a densidade de núcleos exóticos e núcleos estáveis vizinhos é muito enfatizada. Foram realizadas medidas de seções de choque de espalhamento elástico para os sistemas 16O + 40Ca, 120Sn, com o objetivo de ajudar na construção de uma sistemática experimental para a parte real da interação nuclear, e para obter a densidade experimental da matéria nuclear no estado fundamental para o núcleo 16O. Como complemento, o trabalho apresenta: i-) uma sistemática teórica das densidades nucleares, realizada para toda região de massa da tabela periódica; ii-) o modelo não-local, desenvolvido para descrever a dependência com a energia da parte real da interação nuclear; e iii-) uma nova representação para a absorção de fluxo, devido aos canais de reação. Com isso, foi desenvolvida uma sistematização para o potencial ótico a partir de uma análise consistente de dados de espalhamento elástico de íons pesados em energias baixas e intermediárias. Esta análise resultou em uma previsão extremamente satisfatória para as seções de choque de espalhamento elástico experimentais, para um vasto conjunto de dados, utilizando um modelo bastante fundamental e global para o potencial ótico e, mais importante, sem a utilização de parâmetros livres. / An unfolding method is proposed to extract ground-state nuclear matter densities from heavy-ion elastic scattering data analyses at low (sub-barrier) and intermediate energies. The consistency of the results was fully checked. The method is a powerful tool to obtain ground-state nuclear matter densities, particularly at the surface region where the difference between densities of exotic and stable neighbor nuclei is very emphasized. Precise elastic scattering cross sections were measured for the systems 16O + 40Ca, 120Sn, with the aim of helping the construction of an experimental systematics for the real part of the nuclear interaction, and to obtain the experimental ground-state nuclear matter density for the 16O nucleus. As a complement, this work presents: i-) A theoretical systematics for nuclear densities which was performed for the whole mass region throughout the periodic table, ii-) the non-local model, developed to describe the energy dependence of the real part of the nuclear interaction; iii-) a new representation for the absorption of flux due to the reaction channels. This framework has allowed us to obtain a systematization of the optical potential from a consistent heavy-ion elastic scattering data analysis at low and intermediate energies. This analysis resulted a remarkable prediction for a very large elastic scattering cross section data set using a global and fundamental parameter-free model for the optical potential.

With decreasing feature sizes, lowered supply voltages and increasing operating frequencies, the radiation tolerance of digital circuits is becoming an increasingly important problem. Many radiation hardening techniques have been presented in the literature for combinational as well as sequential logic. However, the radiation tolerance of clock generation circuitry has received scant attention to date. Recently, it has been shown that in the deep submicron regime, the clock network contributes significantly to the chip level Soft Error Rate (SER). The on-chip Phase Locked Loop (PLL) is particularly vulnerable to radiation strikes. In this thesis, we present a radiation hardened PLL design. Each of the components of this design-the voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), the phase frequency detector (PFD) and the charge pump/loop filter-are designed in a radiation tolerant manner. Whenever possible, the circuit elements used in our PLL exploit the fact that if a gate is implemented using only PMOS (NMOS) transistors then a radiation particle strike can result only in a logic 0 to 1 (1 to 0) flip. By separating the PMOS and NMOS devices, and splitting the gate output into two signals, extreme high levels of radiation tolerance are obtained. Our design uses two VCOs (with cross-coupled inverters) and charge pumps, so that a strike on any one is compensated by the other. Our PLL is tested for radiation immunity for critical charge values up to 250fC. Our SPICE-based results demonstrate that after exhaustively striking all circuit nodes, the worst case jitter of our hardened PLL is just 37.4 percent. In the worst case, our PLL returns to the locked state in 2 cycles of the VCO clock, after a radiation strike. These numbers are significant improvements over those of the best previously reported approaches.

Angular distributions have been measured for the (⁹Be, ¹⁰B₀, ₁) reactions on ⁶³Cu, ⁵⁴Fe, ^26,24Mg and ¹⁶O at 43 MeV and on ⁴⁰Ca at 45 and 30 MeV. Several of these experiments were performed with the Oxford MDM-2 spectrometer and the design and testing of its 30 cm focal plane detector, which is of the "hybrid" type, is described. Despite the size of the counter, in particular the large cathode to Frisch-grid separation, the resolution of the ionization signals is comparable with that of smaller counters. The position resolution is < 0.6 mm. Optical potentials have been obtained from the measured elastic scattering of ⁹Be from ¹⁶O, ²⁶Mg and ⁴⁰Ca, and ¹⁰B from ²⁵Mg and ³⁹K. The exact finite-range DWBA calculations have generally well reproduced the shape of the experimental reaction cross-sections. However, inconsistencies of up to 50% between the extracted spectroscopic factors for ¹⁰B₀ and ¹⁰B₁ have been found. This anomaly was found insensitive to changes in either optical potential or bound state parameters. A new method of form factor calculation is described that uses a shell model potential in conjunction with a surface-peaked potential, the depth of which is adjusted to give the correct asymptotic form to the wavef unctions. Whilst this form factor showed some success, it did not account for the ¹⁰B₀/¹⁰B₁ anomaly. Collective model DWBA analyses of the inelastic excitation of the first 2⁺ state in ²⁶Mg and 3^- state in ⁴⁰Ca have given values for deformation parameters in reasonable agreement with light-ion work. A CCBA analysis of the ²⁶Mg 2⁺ state was carried out to estimate the effect of the coupling. Calculations performed for a two-step reaction process through inelastic excitation of a strongly coupled 5/2^- state in the projectile showed that this indirect route is important, but it could not solve the ¹⁰B₀/¹⁰B₁ problem alone. The conclusion is that other routes (projectile or target excitation) must be included.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Stockholms universitet, 2008. / Härtill 7 uppsatser.

Neste trabalho foi proposto um método de deconvolução para extrair experimentalmente a densidade da matéria nuclear no estado fundamental a partir de dados de espalhamento elástico entre íons pesados em energias baixas (abaixo da barreira de fusão) e intermediárias. A consistência dos resultados foi totalmente verificada. O método se mostrou uma poderosa ferramenta para a determinação experimental da densidade da matéria de núcleos no estado fundamental, particularmente em uma região superficial, onde a diferença entre a densidade de núcleos exóticos e núcleos estáveis vizinhos é muito enfatizada. Foram realizadas medidas de seções de choque de espalhamento elástico para os sistemas 16O + 40Ca, 120Sn, com o objetivo de ajudar na construção de uma sistemática experimental para a parte real da interação nuclear, e para obter a densidade experimental da matéria nuclear no estado fundamental para o núcleo 16O. Como complemento, o trabalho apresenta: i-) uma sistemática teórica das densidades nucleares, realizada para toda região de massa da tabela periódica; ii-) o modelo não-local, desenvolvido para descrever a dependência com a energia da parte real da interação nuclear; e iii-) uma nova representação para a absorção de fluxo, devido aos canais de reação. Com isso, foi desenvolvida uma sistematização para o potencial ótico a partir de uma análise consistente de dados de espalhamento elástico de íons pesados em energias baixas e intermediárias. Esta análise resultou em uma previsão extremamente satisfatória para as seções de choque de espalhamento elástico experimentais, para um vasto conjunto de dados, utilizando um modelo bastante fundamental e global para o potencial ótico e, mais importante, sem a utilização de parâmetros livres. / An unfolding method is proposed to extract ground-state nuclear matter densities from heavy-ion elastic scattering data analyses at low (sub-barrier) and intermediate energies. The consistency of the results was fully checked. The method is a powerful tool to obtain ground-state nuclear matter densities, particularly at the surface region where the difference between densities of exotic and stable neighbor nuclei is very emphasized. Precise elastic scattering cross sections were measured for the systems 16O + 40Ca, 120Sn, with the aim of helping the construction of an experimental systematics for the real part of the nuclear interaction, and to obtain the experimental ground-state nuclear matter density for the 16O nucleus. As a complement, this work presents: i-) A theoretical systematics for nuclear densities which was performed for the whole mass region throughout the periodic table, ii-) the non-local model, developed to describe the energy dependence of the real part of the nuclear interaction; iii-) a new representation for the absorption of flux due to the reaction channels. This framework has allowed us to obtain a systematization of the optical potential from a consistent heavy-ion elastic scattering data analysis at low and intermediate energies. This analysis resulted a remarkable prediction for a very large elastic scattering cross section data set using a global and fundamental parameter-free model for the optical potential.