The purpose of this thesis is to point out explicitly the rather startling fact that each of these three writers in a novel which is representative of his own art and world view had developed the hunt-quest theme in a pattern and manner which are almost identical.

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Martha Gellhorn and Ernest Hemingway met in Key West in 1937, married in 1941, and divorced in 1945. Gellhorn's work exhibits a strong influence from Hemingway's work, including collaboration on her work during their marriage. I will discuss three of her six novels: WMP (1934), Liana (1944), and Point of No Return (1948). The areas of influence that I will rely on in many ways follow the stages Harold Bloom outlines in Anxiety of Influence. Gellhorn's work exposes a stage of influence that Bloom does not describe-which I term collaborative. By looking at Hemingway's influence in Gellhorn's writing the difference between traditional literary influence and collaborative influence can be compared and analyzed, revealing the footprints left in a work by a collaborating author as opposed to simply an influential one.

Because Ernest Hemingway's four major novels are often referred to as tragedies, these novels are checked against Aristotle's criteria for tragedy. "The Sun Also Rises" is not an Aristotelian tragedy because the wounding of Jake Barnes precedes the events in the novel; it is, instead, an extended tragic epilogue. "A Farewell to Arms" is a modern anti-romantic tragedy of irony, a story of disillusionment which does not provide cathartic relief. The most nearly tragic in structure, "The Old Man and the Sea" does not provide a catharsis because Hemingway fails to arouse the necessary emotions. The most tragic of the four in effect, "For Whom the Bell Tolls" lacks the proper structure for tragedy, but is a tragic epical novel. Although all four of these books have elements of the Aristotelian tragedy, all are other types of tragedy.

The dissertation argues that the transformations in Ernest Hemingway's writing style and his philosophy of the natural world between 1932 and 1952 can be attributed to his intense immersion in the environment of the Gulf Stream. This dissertation draws primarily on Hemingway's handwritten fishing logs from 1932, 1933, and 1934 in the Hemingway Collection at the John F. Kennedy Library, which have not been published or thoroughly studied. In 1929, Hemingway portrayed the Gulf Stream as a frontier, and claimed that he wanted to "write like Cezanne painted." Critics interpreted his work as a form of literary naturalism. In 1952, Hemingway portrayed the Gulf Stream world as a harmonious, organic whole, and he claimed that he would like to have his work illustrated by Winslow Homer. The distinct differences in the portrayal of themes, setting, and character between To Have and Have Not (1937) and The Old Man and the Sea (1952) are explored to illustrate the dimensions of the transformations within Hemingway's work. Numerous specific passages in the fishing logs served as seeds for scenes in these works, as Hemingway gathered raw material for his fiction. Through his scientific study of the climate, marine life, and birds of the Gulf Stream from 1932 to 1939, Hemingway's understanding of the integration of the natural world broadened. The new knowledge of "what to leave out" of his fiction refined his method of writing from the "iceberg principle," in which seven-eighths of the story is omitted. The precise observations of the logs, inscribed through hundreds of pages, generated the stylistic and philosophic transformation that occurred between 1932 and 1952.

Thesis (M.A.)--Eastern Illinois University, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 77-84).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Open University. BLDSC no. DXN095779.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1959. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [274]-292).