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The purpose of this thesis is to study the structure of the five major novels of Hemingway, excluding Torrents of Spring and Across the River and into the Trees. They are: The Sun also Rises; A Farewell to Arms; To Have and Have not; For Whom the Bell Tolls; and The Old Man and the Sea.

This thesis is a study of war as a factor in Ernerst Hemingway's novels and stories.

Martha Gellhorn and Ernest Hemingway met in Key West in 1937, married in 1941, and divorced in 1945. Gellhorn's work exhibits a strong influence from Hemingway's work, including collaboration on her work during their marriage. I will discuss three of her six novels: WMP (1934), Liana (1944), and Point of No Return (1948). The areas of influence that I will rely on in many ways follow the stages Harold Bloom outlines in Anxiety of Influence. Gellhorn's work exposes a stage of influence that Bloom does not describe-which I term collaborative. By looking at Hemingway's influence in Gellhorn's writing the difference between traditional literary influence and collaborative influence can be compared and analyzed, revealing the footprints left in a work by a collaborating author as opposed to simply an influential one.

Because Ernest Hemingway's four major novels are often referred to as tragedies, these novels are checked against Aristotle's criteria for tragedy. "The Sun Also Rises" is not an Aristotelian tragedy because the wounding of Jake Barnes precedes the events in the novel; it is, instead, an extended tragic epilogue. "A Farewell to Arms" is a modern anti-romantic tragedy of irony, a story of disillusionment which does not provide cathartic relief. The most nearly tragic in structure, "The Old Man and the Sea" does not provide a catharsis because Hemingway fails to arouse the necessary emotions. The most tragic of the four in effect, "For Whom the Bell Tolls" lacks the proper structure for tragedy, but is a tragic epical novel. Although all four of these books have elements of the Aristotelian tragedy, all are other types of tragedy.

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Comunicação, Programa de Pós-graduação em Comunicação, 2014. / Submitted by Larissa Stefane Vieira Rodrigues (larissarodrigues@bce.unb.br) on 2014-12-05T12:19:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_AnaBeatrizMagno.pdf: 22343905 bytes, checksum: f6b013db5fad917d36dd33382239f65a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana(raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2014-12-08T17:35:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_AnaBeatrizMagno.pdf: 22343905 bytes, checksum: f6b013db5fad917d36dd33382239f65a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-08T17:35:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_AnaBeatrizMagno.pdf: 22343905 bytes, checksum: f6b013db5fad917d36dd33382239f65a (MD5) / O esforço reflexivo e empírico desta Tese nasce da pergunta “O que é Reportagem?” e está alinhado às tradições teóricas que entendem o jornalismo como narrativa e como forma de conhecimento. Para responder à Questão de Pesquisa, o trabalho recupera a obra jornalística de Ernest Hemingway e Gabriel García Márquez, dois artesãos da palavra que mesmo depois do sucesso literário seguiram escrevendo matérias para jornais e revistas. Assinaram mais de 1.340 textos noticiosos, cobriram guerras, conferências internacionais e tragédias nacionais, uma produção regular e intensa, porém pouco estudada no Brasil. A premissa central da Tese sustenta que a reportagem é uma forma narrativa de conhecimento do real e que esse “conhecer” está alicerçado em peculiaridades significativas e articuladas que atravessam todas as etapas do processo de produção da informação jornalística. A pesquisa está amparada em Modelo de Caracterização e Análise de Reportagens, ferramenta analítica desenvolvida nesta Tese e sustentada na Narratologia. Examinamos matérias de Hemingway e García Márquez publicadas entre 1918 e 1999, textos que são instigantes não apenas porque contam uma história do século XX, mas porque traduzem forma particular de conhecer, de narrar e de documentar uma versão do presente. Essa forma prioriza abordagens socioculturais temáticas, recorre a fontes cidadãs, está ancorada na observação e na apuração realizada pelo próprio repórter. Sua estrutura narrativa é descritiva, reveladora e interpretativa. Os relatos são circunstanciados, detalhistas e movidos por intrigas humanistas e embates morais virtuosos que confirmam a visão de García Márquez de que a reportagem é o mais fascinante dos gêneros jornalísticos. ___________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / The theoretical and empirical effort of this thesis arises from the question “What is Reportage ?”. The study is aligned with the tradition of the current thinking that understands journalism as a narrative and a form of knowledge. To answer the research question, the study retrieves the journalistic works by Ernest Hemingway and Gabriel García Márquez, two master-writers who worked as reporters and signed more than 1.340 texts in newspapers and magazines. Both of them boasted regular and intense production, but little was studied in Brazil. The central premise of the research is that reportage is a narrative form of knowledge of the real and that this "knowledge" is based on refined and textual peculiarities which start off with the theme on the agenda, gain argumentative density in the investigative process, are consolidated in textual strategies and, finally, are evident in editing. The research is supported by Model Description and Analysis Reports, a analytical tool developed in this research and sustained within the precepts of Narratology. We examined reports published between 1918 and 1999. They are thought-provoking texts not only because of their characteristics but also because they tell a version of the 20th century history. The comparison of information showed significant similarities between the works of two authors and these have proven to be consistent results that reflect a particular way of knowing, of narrating and documenting a version of the present. This form emphasizes thematic sociocultural approaches which are not dated, using sources from citizens. Besides that, it is based upon observation and verification conducted by the reporter himself. Its narrative structure is descriptive, revealing and interpretive. Reports are detailed, meticulous and driven by humanistic intrigues and virtuous moral conflicts that corroborate García Márquez's view that the reportage is the most fascinating journalistic genre. _____________________________________________________________________________________ RÉSUMÉ / L'effort théorique et empirique de cette thèse est dû à une question : Qu'est-ce que le reportage ? Cette interrogation découle de la tradition de courants de pensée qui comprennent le journalisme comme une narration et comme une façon d'appréhender le monde. Pour répondre à la problématique de cette recherche, ce travail a repris l'œuvre journalistique d'Ernest Hemingway et de Gabriel García Márquez, deux artisans du mot qui ont été reporters et ont signé plus de 1340 articles dans des journaux et des revues. Il s'agit d'une production régulière et intense qui est encore peu étudiée au Brésil. La prémisse de ce travail consiste à affirmer que le reportage est une narration de l'appréhension du réel et que cette « connaissance » provient de particularités qui commencent dès le choix du thème, gagnent en densité argumentative au moment de l'analyse, se consolident grâce aux stratégies textuelles et sont mises en évidence lors de l'édition. Cette recherche se développe sur un modèle de caractérisation et d’analyse des reportages. Il s’agit d’un outil analytique développé dans la thèse et qui est basé sur les règles de la narration. Les reportages publiés entre 1918 e 1999 ont été examinés. Ces textes ne sont pas seulement stimulants du fait de leurs caractéristiques, mais aussi parce qu’ils donnent une version de l’histoire du XXe siècle. D’ailleurs, lorsqu’elles sont comparées, les informations présentées par ces deux auteurs sont très semblables. Ces résultats sont consistants et traduisent une façon particulière d’appréhender, d’exposer les faits et de documenter une vision du présent. Tout cela démontre une approche socioculturelle de thèmes qui ne sont pas datés, qui ont recours à des sources citoyennes et sont basés sur une observation et une analyse faite par le reporter lui-même. Cette structure narrative est descriptive, révélatrice et interprétative. Les rapports sont circonstanciés, détaillés et motivés par des intrigues humanistes et des débats moraux de génie qui confirment la vision de García Márquez. En effet, pour cet auteur la reportage est le plus fascinant des genres journalistiques. ____________________________________________________________________________________ RESUMEN / El esfuerzo teórico y empírico de esta Tesis nasce de la pregunta ¿Qué es Reportaje . EL trabajo está alineado a la tradición de las corrientes de pensamiento que entienden el periodismo como narrativa y como una configuración de conocimiento. Para responder a la pregunta de investigación, el trabajo recupere la obra periodística de Ernest Hemingway y Gabriel García Márquez, dos artesanos de la palabra que fueron reporteros y firmaron más de 1.340 textos en periódicos y revistas. Es una producción regular y intensa, pero poco estudiada en Brasil. La premisa central es que la reportaje es una configuración narrativa del conocimiento de lo real y que este "conocer" tiene sus raíces en especificidades significativas y articuladas que atraviesan todas las etapas del proceso de producción de la información periodística. La investigación tiene su base en el Modelo de Descripción y Análisis de Reportajes, herramienta analítica desarrollada en la Tesis y sostenida en los preceptos de la Narratología. Fueron analizados artículos publicados entre 1918 y 1999. Los textos son instigantes, no sólo por sus características sino también porque relatan una versión de la historia del siglo XX. El cotejo de la información mostró similitudes significativas entre la obra de los dos autores. Estés resultados son consistentes y traducen una configuración particular de conocer, de narrar y de documentar una versión del presente. Esa forma prioriza abordajes socioculturales temáticas, está fundamentada en fuentes ciudadanas, está anclada en la observación y en la investigación llevada a cabo por el propio periodista. Su estructura narrativa es descriptiva, interpretativa y reveladora. Los relatos son circunstanciados, detallados y movidos por una intriga humanista y por conflictos morales virtuosos que confirman la visión de García Márquez que este la reportaje es el más fascinante de los géneros periodísticos.

Hemingway's dialogue and the texts of politeness and literature -- Brown and Levinson's politeness strategies -- The face of honesty in "The Doctor and the Doctor's Wife -- The face of bravery in "The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber" -- The face of love in "Hills Like White Elephants" -- Interpretive implications of politeness theory.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / While it is commonly acknowledged that the primal traumatic events of Hemingway’s time as an ambulance driver in Italy during World War I had a profound influence on his works of fiction, there has been relatively little exploration of the notion that the “working through” which occurred in the recovery from his own personal trauma manifests a complex and interwoven relationship with the writing process. This is certainly not unknown territory for scholars; when Hemingway first embarked upon the earliest fiction writing of his professional career, biographical research indicates he was once again enduring a traumatic experience of sorts. Yet formal trauma theory has rarely been applied to the study of Hemingway’s most intensely autobiographical short fiction. It is my contention that the “working through” of Hemingway’s writing process demonstrated in his published and unpublished Nick Adams stories was prompted by both his defining war-time trauma experience and his later, more private hardships.

Hemingway has given us pictures of individual members of society in the United States, in Africa and in Europe from the nineteen-twenties to the present time. In order to present Hemingway's characters as a study in social structure, the following classes will be considered: primitives, peasants, middle class, upper class, aristocrats.

Hemingway claims in Green Hills of Africa that "all modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn." If this basic idea is applied to his own work, elements of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn appear in some of Hemingway's Nick Adams stories and his novel The Old Man and the Sea. All major characters and several minor characters in these works share the quality of natural innocence, composed of their primitivism, sensibility, and active morality. Hemingway's Nick, Santiago, and Manolin, and Twain's Huck Finn and Jim reflect their authors' similar backgrounds and experiences and themselves come from similar environments. These environments are directly related to their continued possession and expression of their natural innocence.