It is generally accepted that alcohol impairs haemodynamic physiology in normal subjects. Alcohol is also thought to have a detrimental effect in shock states. However, most research has concentrated on haemorrhagic shock, whereas in cardiac tamponade, the pathophysiology of shock is very different. Although some studies have mentioned alcohol as a negative factor in patients with cardiac tamponade, none have adequately assessed its effect. In a clinical study of 50 patients who presented to Groote Schuur Hospital Trauma Unit with acute cardiac tamponade due to penetrating chest injury, those who were intoxicated fared the same as their sober counterparts. Although more patients in the intoxicated group were "moribund" or "in extremis" on admission, this did not lead to a higher overall mortality. Haemodynamic parameters and results of special investigations in the two groups were also similar. These findings suggested that intoxicated patients with cardiogenic shock, specifically acute cardiac tamponade, behaved differently from intoxicated patients with haemorrhagic shock. However, the multitude of variables and the stress involved in treating patients with life-threatening acute conditions, makes studies such as this difficult. Because of these limitations, an animal model of acute cardiac tamponade was developed, so that actions of alcohol on haemodynamic physiology could be studied in a controlled environment. Fourteen young pigs were randomly assigned to receive either 30% alcohol or tap-water via a gastrostomy. The former resulted in blood alcohol levels which were compatible with moderate to severe intoxication. Cardiac tamponade was then induced by instilling warmed plasmalyte-8 into the pericardia! sac using a pressure-cycled system. Despite the fact that animals in the tamponade/alcohol group were more hypotensive, and reflex increase in heart rate was inhibited, cardiac output was similar in the two groups. The actions of alcohol in isolation were also studied in eight sham-operated pigs. The only noticeable effect in this instance were higher pulmonary artery wedge pressures in the sham/non-alcohol group. In other words, cardiac performance in both the tamponade/alcohol and sham/alcohol groups was at least equal to, or even better than that in animals that did not receive alcohol. It would seem therefore, that alcohol does not have a negative effect on haemodynamic physiology of acute cardiac tamponade. Theoretically, alcohol may "protect" patients with acute cardiac tamponade by decreasing peripheral vascular resistance and "afterload". It is also possible that inhibitory actions on the respiratory centre may prevent hyperpnoea or tachypnoea, and thereby diminish competitive filling of the right and left ventricles. However, further studies of cardiac function in intoxicated subjects with tamponade using more sophisticated techniques are necessary, before mechanisms will become apparent. In practice, an aggressive approach should be adopted towards moribund patients with penetrating chest injuries; if they have acute cardiac tamponade and are intoxicated, their prognosis is not necessarily dismal. This is of particular relevance in Cape Town, where both alcohol abuse and assault are endemic. As for a therapeutic effect of alcohol, these studies do not support its use for pharmacological manipulation of cardiac tamponade.

Attempts were made to determine the pore properties, such as permeability, rectification and voltage-dependent block, of the putative TRPV4-TRPC1 channel. We demonstrated that this putative TRPV4-TRPC1 heterotetrameric channels displays distinct property different (although not drastically different) from TRPV4 homotetrameric channel with regard to I-V relation, kinetics of cation current, cations permeability and rectification properties. Together, the data from FRET and functional studies both suggest that heterologous expression of TRPV4 and TRPC1 can produce functional TRPV4-TRPC1 heterotetrameric channel. / Hemodynamic blood flow is one of most important physiological factors that control vascular tone. Flow shear stress acts on the endothelium to stimulate the release of vasodilators such as nitric oxide (NO), prostacyclin and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors, causing endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation. In many cases, a key early signal in this flow-induced vascular dilation is Ca2+ influx in endothelial cells in response to flow. There is intense interest in searching for the molecular identity of the channels that mediate flow-induced Ca2+ influx. The present study aimed at identifying an interaction of TRPV4 with TRPC1, and investigating functional role of such a complex in flow-induced Ca2+ influx / In functional study, flow elicited a [Ca2+]i rise in TRPV4-expressing HEK cells. Co-expression of TRPC1 with TRPV4 markedly prolonged this [Ca2+]i transient, and it also enabled this [Ca2+]i transient to be negatively modulated by protein kinase G (PKG). Furthermore, this [Ca2+]i rise was inhibited by an anti-TRPC1 blocking antibody T1E3 and a dominant negative construct TRPC1Delta567-793. Physical interaction of TRPV4 with TRPC1 and functional role of such a complex were also found in the primary cultured rat mesenteric artery endothelial cells (MAECs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). A TRPC 1-specific siRNA was used to knock-down TRPC1 protein levels in HUVECs. Interestingly, this siRNA not only reduced the magnitude of flow-induced [Ca2+]i rise, but also accelerated the decay of flow-induced [Ca2+]i transient. Pressure myograph was used to investigate the functional role of such a complex in flow-induced vascular dilation. T1E3 also decreased flow-induced vascular dilation. Thogether, the data from endothelial cells are consistent with those in overexpressed HEK cells, supporting the notion that TRPC 1 interacts with TRPV4 to prolong the flow-induced[Ca2+]i transient, and that TRPV4-TRPC1 complex plays an important role in flow-induced vascular dilation. / In summary, my study demonstrated that TRPV4 is capable of assembling with TRPC1 to form a functional TRPV4-TRPC1 heteromeric channel. TRPV4-TRPC1 heteromeric channel can rapidly translocate to the plasma membrane after Ca 2+ depletion in intracellular stores. This TRPV4-TRPC1 heteromeric channel plays an important role in flow-induced endothelial Ca2+ influx and its associated vascular relaxation. / Ion channels are delivered to the plasma membrane via vesicle trafficking. Thus the vesicle trafficking is a key mechanism to control the amount of TRP channel proteins in the plasma membrane, where they perform their function. TRP channels in vivo are often composed of heteromeric subunits. However, up to the present, there is lack of knowledge on trafficking of heteromeric TRP channels via vesicular translocation. In the present study, we examined the effect of Ca2+ store depletion on the translocation of TRPV4-TRPC1 heteromeric channels to the plasma membrane. Experiments using total internal fluorescence reflection microscopy (TIRFM) and biotin surface labeling showed that depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores triggered a rapid translocation of TRPV4-TRPC1 channel proteins into the plasma membrane. Fluorescent Ca2+ measurement and patch clamp studies demonstrated that store Ca2+ depletion augmented several TRPV4-TRPC1 complex-related functions, which include store-operated Ca2+ influx and cation current as well as 4alpha-PDD-stimulated Ca2+ influx and cation current. The translocation required stromal interacting molecule 1 (STIM1). Furthermore, TRPV4-TRPC1 complex is more favorably translocated to the plasma membrane than TRPC1 or TRPV4 homomers. Similar mechanisms were identified in native endothelial cells, where the TRPV4-TRPC I complex is a key component mediating flow-induced Ca2+ influx and subsequent vascular relaxation. / With the use of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), co-immunoprecipitation and subcellular colocalization methods, it was found that TRPC1 interacts physically with TRPV4 to form a heteromeric channel complex. In addition, our experimental results indicate that C-terminal and N-terminal domains of both channels are required for their interaction. / Ma, Xin. / Adviser: Yao Xiaodiang. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 72-04, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 109-121). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

INTRODUÇÃO: A hipertensão arterial pulmonar (HAP) é uma doença grave da circulação pulmonar, cuja adequada caracterização ainda depende do cateterismo cardíaco direito. A tomografia de impedância elétrica (TIE) é uma ferramenta de imagem não-invasiva que permite a estimativa a beira-leito da perfusão pulmonar através da medida da variação de impedância durante a sístole (deltaZQ). Embora a busca por métodos não-invasivos que possam descrever a HAP venha crescendo, dados a respeito da aplicação da TIE em pacientes com HAP permanecem escassos. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a relação entre deltaZQ e perfil hemodinâmico, gravidade e prognóstico de pacientes com HAP. MÉTODOS: Pacientes acompanhados na Unidade de Circulação Pulmonar (InCor-HCFMUSP) e submetidos ao cateterismo cardíaco (por suspeita de HAP ou piora clínica) foram simultaneamente avaliados com a TIE. Foi possível medir deltaZQ por meio de acoplamento eletrocardiográfico. A variação de impedância relativa à ventilação (deltaZV) e a relação deltaZV/deltaZQ também foram analisadas. Com base nos resultados do cateterismo, os pacientes foram divididos em 2 grupos: HAP e aqueles com hemodinâmica normal, nomeados normopressóricos (NP). deltaZQ, deltaZV/deltaZQ e deltaZQ corrigido pelo parâmetro antropométrico peso (deltaZQ*p) foram comparados entre os grupos, correlacionados com parâmetros hemodinâmicos invasivos e analisados como preditores de mortalidade. RESULTADOS: Após o cateterismo, 35 pacientes compuseram o grupo HAP e 8 pacientes, o NP. Os pacientes com HAP apresentaram redução significativa de deltaZQ em comparação aos NP, bem como aumento na relação deltaZV/deltaZQ. Observou-se correlação entre deltaZQ e parâmetros hemodinâmicos, particularmente volume sistólico (VS) (r = 0,66, r2 = 0,43; p < 0,001). O parâmetro peso aumentou a correlação entre deltaZQ e VS (r = 0,77, r2 = 0,59; p < 0,001). Durante o período de estudo, 7 pacientes morreram; eles apresentavam perfil hemodinâmico pior, redução de deltaZQ comparados aos sobreviventes e uma desproporção ainda maior da relação deltaZV/deltaZQ. A sobrevida global em 36 meses foi de 65%. A sobrevida foi menor no grupo de pacientes com deltaZQ*p < 154,6% ou deltaZV/deltaZQ > 12. CONCLUSÕES: A medida de deltaZQ, particularmente corrigida pelo peso, está associada ao perfil hemodinâmico de pacientes com HAP, e sua redução, associada com gravidade de doença e pior prognóstico / BACKGROUND: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a severe disease of the pulmonary circulation, which still relies on the right heart catheterization (RHC) for its accurate characterization. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a non-invasive image tool that allows the bedside estimation of lung perfusion through the measurement of impedance variation during systole (deltaZQ). Although the search for non-invasive methods for evaluation of PAH is developing, data concerning application of EIT in PAH patients remain scant. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the relationship between deltaZQ and the hemodynamic profile, severity, and prognosis of PAH patients. METHODS: Patients followed at the Pulmonary Circulation Unit (InCor-HCFMUSP) and submitted to RHC (due to the suspicion of PAH or clinical worsening) were simultaneously evaluated by means of EIT. It was possible to measure deltaZQ by producing ECG-gated EIT images. The impedance variation related to ventilation (deltaZV) and the deltaZV/deltaZQ ratio were also analyzed. Based on the results of RHC, patients were discriminated into 2 groups: PAH and those with normal hemodynamics, referred as normo-pressoric (NP) group. deltaZQ, deltaZVdeltaZQ, and deltaZQ corrected by the anthropometric parameter weight (deltaZQ*w) were compared between groups, correlated to hemodynamic parameters, and analyzed as predictors of mortality. RESULTS: After RHC, 35 patients composed the PAH group, and 8 patients, the NP one. PAH patients showed a significant reduction of deltaZQ as compared to NP, as well as an increase of deltaZV/deltaZQ. A significant correlation between deltaZQ and hemodynamic parameters was found, particularly with stroke volume (SV) (r = 0.66, R2 = 0.43; p < 0.001). Weight correction increased the correlation between deltaZQ and SV (r = 0.77, R2 = 0.59; p < 0.001). During the study period, 7 patients died; they presented a worse hemodynamic profile, reduction of deltaZQ compared to PAH survivors, and an even higher deltaZV/deltaZQ ratio. The overall survival at 36 months was 65%. Patients with deltaZQ*w < 154.6 Kg.% or deltaZV/deltaZQ >12 presented worse survival. CONCLUSIONS: deltaZQ, particularly corrected by weight, is associated with hemodynamic status of PAH patients and its reduction is associated with disease severity and worse prognosis

INTRODUÇÃO: A hipertensão arterial pulmonar (HAP) é uma doença grave da circulação pulmonar, cuja adequada caracterização ainda depende do cateterismo cardíaco direito. A tomografia de impedância elétrica (TIE) é uma ferramenta de imagem não-invasiva que permite a estimativa a beira-leito da perfusão pulmonar através da medida da variação de impedância durante a sístole (deltaZQ). Embora a busca por métodos não-invasivos que possam descrever a HAP venha crescendo, dados a respeito da aplicação da TIE em pacientes com HAP permanecem escassos. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a relação entre deltaZQ e perfil hemodinâmico, gravidade e prognóstico de pacientes com HAP. MÉTODOS: Pacientes acompanhados na Unidade de Circulação Pulmonar (InCor-HCFMUSP) e submetidos ao cateterismo cardíaco (por suspeita de HAP ou piora clínica) foram simultaneamente avaliados com a TIE. Foi possível medir deltaZQ por meio de acoplamento eletrocardiográfico. A variação de impedância relativa à ventilação (deltaZV) e a relação deltaZV/deltaZQ também foram analisadas. Com base nos resultados do cateterismo, os pacientes foram divididos em 2 grupos: HAP e aqueles com hemodinâmica normal, nomeados normopressóricos (NP). deltaZQ, deltaZV/deltaZQ e deltaZQ corrigido pelo parâmetro antropométrico peso (deltaZQ*p) foram comparados entre os grupos, correlacionados com parâmetros hemodinâmicos invasivos e analisados como preditores de mortalidade. RESULTADOS: Após o cateterismo, 35 pacientes compuseram o grupo HAP e 8 pacientes, o NP. Os pacientes com HAP apresentaram redução significativa de deltaZQ em comparação aos NP, bem como aumento na relação deltaZV/deltaZQ. Observou-se correlação entre deltaZQ e parâmetros hemodinâmicos, particularmente volume sistólico (VS) (r = 0,66, r2 = 0,43; p < 0,001). O parâmetro peso aumentou a correlação entre deltaZQ e VS (r = 0,77, r2 = 0,59; p < 0,001). Durante o período de estudo, 7 pacientes morreram; eles apresentavam perfil hemodinâmico pior, redução de deltaZQ comparados aos sobreviventes e uma desproporção ainda maior da relação deltaZV/deltaZQ. A sobrevida global em 36 meses foi de 65%. A sobrevida foi menor no grupo de pacientes com deltaZQ*p < 154,6% ou deltaZV/deltaZQ > 12. CONCLUSÕES: A medida de deltaZQ, particularmente corrigida pelo peso, está associada ao perfil hemodinâmico de pacientes com HAP, e sua redução, associada com gravidade de doença e pior prognóstico / BACKGROUND: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a severe disease of the pulmonary circulation, which still relies on the right heart catheterization (RHC) for its accurate characterization. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a non-invasive image tool that allows the bedside estimation of lung perfusion through the measurement of impedance variation during systole (deltaZQ). Although the search for non-invasive methods for evaluation of PAH is developing, data concerning application of EIT in PAH patients remain scant. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the relationship between deltaZQ and the hemodynamic profile, severity, and prognosis of PAH patients. METHODS: Patients followed at the Pulmonary Circulation Unit (InCor-HCFMUSP) and submitted to RHC (due to the suspicion of PAH or clinical worsening) were simultaneously evaluated by means of EIT. It was possible to measure deltaZQ by producing ECG-gated EIT images. The impedance variation related to ventilation (deltaZV) and the deltaZV/deltaZQ ratio were also analyzed. Based on the results of RHC, patients were discriminated into 2 groups: PAH and those with normal hemodynamics, referred as normo-pressoric (NP) group. deltaZQ, deltaZVdeltaZQ, and deltaZQ corrected by the anthropometric parameter weight (deltaZQ*w) were compared between groups, correlated to hemodynamic parameters, and analyzed as predictors of mortality. RESULTS: After RHC, 35 patients composed the PAH group, and 8 patients, the NP one. PAH patients showed a significant reduction of deltaZQ as compared to NP, as well as an increase of deltaZV/deltaZQ. A significant correlation between deltaZQ and hemodynamic parameters was found, particularly with stroke volume (SV) (r = 0.66, R2 = 0.43; p < 0.001). Weight correction increased the correlation between deltaZQ and SV (r = 0.77, R2 = 0.59; p < 0.001). During the study period, 7 patients died; they presented a worse hemodynamic profile, reduction of deltaZQ compared to PAH survivors, and an even higher deltaZV/deltaZQ ratio. The overall survival at 36 months was 65%. Patients with deltaZQ*w < 154.6 Kg.% or deltaZV/deltaZQ >12 presented worse survival. CONCLUSIONS: deltaZQ, particularly corrected by weight, is associated with hemodynamic status of PAH patients and its reduction is associated with disease severity and worse prognosis