Thesis (M.Sc. (Biochemistry))--Mahidol University, 1983.

Cooperative oxygen binding by vertebrate tetrameric hemoglobins (Hbs) has been extensively studied and is relatively well understood. Nonetheless, Hill coefficients greater than four have been reported for adult avian, amphibian, and reptilian red blood cells. Such reports also exist for embryonic red cells from various animals. These results are controversial and not yet convincingly established. Oxygen binding studies on avian Hb D, which is known to undergo deoxygenation-dependent self-association, were carried out to answer this question. The goal was to determine unequivocally whether Hill coefficients greater than four occur. Such high Hill coefficients were observed but only at very high Hb D concentrations. Moreover, the early model of avian deoxy Hb D self-association was found to be incomplete. The model has now been expanded to describe better the observed sedimentation data at high Hb concentrations. The possibility that embryonic deoxy Hbs self-associate was also assessed by sedimentation studies of deoxygenated Hb solutions from a marsupial, the tammar wallaby. The results obtained show unambiguously that these embryonic Hbs self-associate upon deoxygenation. Recent phylogenetic analyses suggest that the avian [alpha superscript D]-globin originated from embryonic [alpha]-globins. This finding suggests that the propensity to self-associate upon deoxygenation is an intrinsic property of tetrameric Hbs with embryonic [alpha]-globins. Furthermore the residues mediating the inter-tetramer interactions in adult avian deoxy Hb D and embryonic deoxy Hbs are likely to be the same. Recombinant globins were expressed in bacteria and protocols for the assembly of avian recombinant tetrameric Hb D developed. Initial measurements by sedimentation were carried out to verify the role of a conserved glutamate residue previously speculated to be involved in inter-tetramer interactions. The present studies provide a framework for future investigations of deoxygenation-dependent Hb self-association. In particular the need to carry out oxygen equilibrium measurements at high Hb concentrations as well as sedimentation studies of the deoxygenated Hb solutions is stressed. / text

Γενετικές παραλλαγές σε γονιδιακούς τόπους που βρίσκονται εντός (cis) αλλά και εκτός (trans) του συμπλέγματος των ανθρώπινων β-σφαιρινικών γονιδίων έχει δειχθεί πως συσχετίζονται σημαντικά με τα επίπεδα της εμβρυϊκής αιμοσφαιρίνης (HbF). Ένα από τα γονίδια αυτά είναι το γονίδιο MAP3K5 (ή ASK1), το οποίο είναι μέλος της οδού της MAP κινάσης, ενεργοποιείται από διάφορες παθολογικές καταστάσεις και από προ-φλεγμονώδεις κυτοκίνες, συμβάλλοντας στην κυτταρική απόπτωση. Πρόσφατα αποτελέσματα από το εργαστήριό μας έδειξαν ότι η παρουσία του σπάνιου αλληλομόρφου C σε μονονουκλεοτιδικούς πολυμορφισμούς (SNP) του συγκεκριμένου γονιδίου, και συγκεκριμένα στους rs9376230 και rs9483947, συσχετίζεται με μειωμένα επίπεδα της εμβρυϊκής αιμοσφαιρίνης (HbF) (Tafrali et al., 2013). Για το λόγο αυτό, υποθέσαμε ότι οι πολυμορφισμοί αυτοί συνδέονται με πιθανές αλλαγές σε ρυθμιστικές περιοχές του γονιδίου ΜΑΡ3Κ5 οι οποίες τροποποιούν τα επίπεδα έκφρασής του. Έτσι, ερευνήσαμε τον υποκινητή του γονιδίου ΜΑΡ3Κ5 ως προς τη συχνότητα παρουσίας τεσσάρων ή πέντε αντιγράφων της μικροδορυφορικής αλληλουχίας 5’ – GCGCG – 3’ (θέση -51 έως -27 από τη θέση έναρξης της μεταγραφής). Με την προσέγγιση αυτή θελήσαμε να εξακριβώσουμε εάν οι μικροδορυφορικές αυτές αλληλουχίες συνδέονται με τους μονονουκλεοτιδικούς πολυμορφισμούς και, κατά συνέπεια, με τα επίπεδα της HbF σε ασθενείς με ενδιάμεση ή μείζονα β-μεσογειακή αναιμία και σε μη-θαλασσαιμικά άτομα. Για τον σκοπό αυτό, χρησιμοποιήθηκαν 11 ασθενείς με ενδιάμεση β-μεσογειακή αναιμία, 15 ασθενείς με μείζονα β-μεσογειακή αναιμία και 60 μη-θαλασσαιμικά άτομα ελληνικής καταγωγής. Ο προσδιορισμός του γονότυπου πραγματοποιήθηκε με εκλεκτική ενίσχυση του τμήματος του υποκινητή του γονιδίου ΜΑΡ3Κ5, μεταξύ των θέσεων -273 έως και +79, και στη συνέχεια, είτε με αλληλούχιση σε αυτοματοποιημένο αναλυτή ή με ανάλυση ετεροδιμερών. Η ανάλυση έδειξε ότι υπάρχει σχεδόν απόλυτη σύνδεση των σπάνιων αλληλομόρφων C τόσο για τον rs9376230 όσο και για τον rs9483947 με τη μικροδορυφορική αλληλουχία των πέντε επαναλήψεων, σχηματίζοντας έναν απλότυπο. O συγκεκριμένος απλότυπος συσχετίζεται με χαμηλά επίπεδα της HbF και το φαινότυπο της βαριάς β-μεσογειακής αναιμίας, αφού σε ασθενείς με μείζονα β-μεσογειακή αναιμία εντοπίζεται με συχνότητα 60% και αποκλίνει στατιστικώς σημαντικά από τις αντίστοιχες συχνότητες σε ασθενείς με ενδιάμεση β-μεσογειακή αναιμία (p=0,04) και σε μη-θαλασσαιμικά άτομα (p=0,003). Τα αποτελέσματα αυτά δείχνουν ότι οι πολυμορφισμοί rs9376230 και rs9483947 συνδέονται με τη μικροδορυφορική αλληλουχία του υποκινητή, η οποία έχει πιθανό λειτουργικό ρόλο στα επίπεδα έκφρασης του γονιδίου ΜΑΡ3Κ5. / Genetic variations in loci that are in cis or trans of the human beta-globin gene cluster are shown to correlate significantly with the levels of fetal hemoglobin (HbF). One of these genes is MAP3K5 (or ASK1), a member of the MAPK pathway, which is activated by various stresses and pro-inflammatory cytokines that contribute to cellular apoptosis. Recent results from our laboratory have shown that the presence of the rare C allele in two intronic SNPs of MAP3K5, namely rs9376230 and rs9483947, is associated with reduced levels of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) (Tafrali et al., 2013). For this reason, we assumed that these polymorphisms may be associated with changes in the regulatory regions of MAP3K5 which could modify its expression levels. Thus, we investigated the frequency of a microsatellite marker at the proximal promoter region of MAP3K5, regarding the presence of four or five repeats of a 5-bp short tandem repeat (STR), am y 5’ – GCGCG – 3’ (positio -51 to -27 from transcription start site). With this approach, we wanted to ascertain whether this STR is associated with the previously studied SNPs (Tafrali et al., 2013) and consequently with th v s o bF i β-thalassemia intermediate or major patients compared to non-thalassemic individuals. For this purpose, we analyzed the DNA samples from 11 β-tha ass mia i t rm ia a 15 β-thalassemia major patients, as well as 60 non-thalassemic controls of Western Greek origin. Genotyping was performed by selectively amplifying a MAP3K5 gene promoter fragment between positions -273 to +79, followed by either sequencing or heteroduplex analysis. The analysis showed that there is an almost perfect correlation of the rare C allele for rs9376230 and the rare C allele for rs9483947 with the five STR repeats, forming a haplotype associated with low levels of HbF and with the phenotype of severe b-thalassemia. This haplotype is detected with a r qu cy o 60% i β-thalassemia major patients and it statistica y sig i ica t y viat s rom th corr spo i g r qu ci s i β-thalassemia intermedia patients (p = 0.04) and in non-thalassemic individuals (p = 0.003). These results indicate that the polymorphisms rs9376230 and rs9483947 are in linkage with the promoter STR polymorphism, which may have a functional role in MAP3K5 gene expression.

Gao, Minghui. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 168-182). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

A hemoglobina (Hb) do anelídeo Glossoscolex paulistus é uma Hb extracelular gigante. Esta é constituída por quatro cadeias polipeptídicas a, b, c e d contendo o heme. As cadeias a, b e c formam um trímero mantido por ligações dissulfeto e a cadeia d é um monômero. Neste trabalho, as técnicas espectroscópicas de absorção ótica no UV-Vís, fluorescência e dicroísmo circular foram utilizadas para monitorar as mudanças produzidas na estrutura do monômero d na forma oxi da hemoglobina extracelular gigante de Glossoscolex paulistus (HbGp) em pH 7,0 e 9,0 devido à interação com surfactantes iônicos, dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS), cloreto de cetiltrimetilamônio (CTAC) e neutro, polioxietileno lauril éter (BRIJ - 35). A interação entre surfactantes e proteínas globulares tem sido estudada através de uma variedade de técnicas espectroscópicas visando à obtenção de informações relevantes com respeito à relação estrutura-atividade das proteínas. Os resultados de fluorescência mostraram que na presença dos surfactantes, há um aumento do rendimento quântico, sendo que o maior aumento é verificado na interação com o surfactante catiônico CTAC, sugerindo que a proteína apresenta uma quantidade maior de sítios específicos carregados negativamente, como os resíduos aniônicos, glutamil e aspartil. Na interação do monômero d da HbGp com CTAC ocorreu a formação de espécie pentacoordenada em ambos os pHs. Para o sistema monômero da HbGp-SDS em pH 7,0 e 9,0, foi observada a oxidação do monômero d, caracterizada pela formação da espécie hemicromo. A interação do monômero d em pH 7,0 e 9,0 com CTAC, analisada pelos espectros de dicroísmo circular, indicaram uma perda não muito significativa da estrutura secundária. No entanto, para os surfactantes SDS e BRIJ-35 foi possível constatar uma perda menos acentuada em relação ao CTAC. / The annelid hemoglobin (Hb) of the Glossoscolex paulistus is a giant extracellular hemoglobin (Hb). It is constituted by four polypeptide a, b, c and d chains containing the heme. The chains a, b and c form a trimer maintained by disulfide bond and the d chain is a monomer. In this work, the spectroscopic techniques of UV-Vís optical absorption, fluorescence and circular dichroism were used to monitor the changes induced by ionic detergents sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) and neutral, ether lauryl polioxitelene (BRIJ-35) in the structure of the d monomer in the oxi form of the giant extracellular hemoglobin of Glossoscolex paulistus (HbGp) in pH 7.0 and 9.0. The interaction between surfactants and globular proteins has been studied through a range of spectroscopic techniques targeting the obtaining of prominent information with regard to the relation structure-activity of the proteins. The fluorescence results showed that in the presence of the surfactants a quantum yield increases, and the CTAC promoted the more significant effect, suggesting that the protein presents a larger quantity of specific negative sites, as the anionic residues, glutamil and aspartil. In the interaction of d monomer of the HbGp with CTAC occurred the formation of pentacoordinated species in both pHs. For system monomer of HbGp-SDS at pH 7.0 and 9.0, was observed by oxidation of d monomer, characterized by the formation of the species hemichrome. The interaction of d monomer at pH 7.0 and 9.0 with CTAC, analyzed by circular dichroism spectra, indicates the loss of secondary structure. However, for SDS and BRIJ-35 surfactants it is possible to detect the lower loss of secondary structure in relation to CTAC.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2002. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Biochemistry))--Mahidol University, 1983.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2008. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

A hemoglobina (Hb) do anelídeo Glossoscolex paulistus é uma Hb extracelular gigante. Esta é constituída por quatro cadeias polipeptídicas a, b, c e d contendo o heme. As cadeias a, b e c formam um trímero mantido por ligações dissulfeto e a cadeia d é um monômero. Neste trabalho, as técnicas espectroscópicas de absorção ótica no UV-Vís, fluorescência e dicroísmo circular foram utilizadas para monitorar as mudanças produzidas na estrutura do monômero d na forma oxi da hemoglobina extracelular gigante de Glossoscolex paulistus (HbGp) em pH 7,0 e 9,0 devido à interação com surfactantes iônicos, dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS), cloreto de cetiltrimetilamônio (CTAC) e neutro, polioxietileno lauril éter (BRIJ - 35). A interação entre surfactantes e proteínas globulares tem sido estudada através de uma variedade de técnicas espectroscópicas visando à obtenção de informações relevantes com respeito à relação estrutura-atividade das proteínas. Os resultados de fluorescência mostraram que na presença dos surfactantes, há um aumento do rendimento quântico, sendo que o maior aumento é verificado na interação com o surfactante catiônico CTAC, sugerindo que a proteína apresenta uma quantidade maior de sítios específicos carregados negativamente, como os resíduos aniônicos, glutamil e aspartil. Na interação do monômero d da HbGp com CTAC ocorreu a formação de espécie pentacoordenada em ambos os pHs. Para o sistema monômero da HbGp-SDS em pH 7,0 e 9,0, foi observada a oxidação do monômero d, caracterizada pela formação da espécie hemicromo. A interação do monômero d em pH 7,0 e 9,0 com CTAC, analisada pelos espectros de dicroísmo circular, indicaram uma perda não muito significativa da estrutura secundária. No entanto, para os surfactantes SDS e BRIJ-35 foi possível constatar uma perda menos acentuada em relação ao CTAC. / The annelid hemoglobin (Hb) of the Glossoscolex paulistus is a giant extracellular hemoglobin (Hb). It is constituted by four polypeptide a, b, c and d chains containing the heme. The chains a, b and c form a trimer maintained by disulfide bond and the d chain is a monomer. In this work, the spectroscopic techniques of UV-Vís optical absorption, fluorescence and circular dichroism were used to monitor the changes induced by ionic detergents sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) and neutral, ether lauryl polioxitelene (BRIJ-35) in the structure of the d monomer in the oxi form of the giant extracellular hemoglobin of Glossoscolex paulistus (HbGp) in pH 7.0 and 9.0. The interaction between surfactants and globular proteins has been studied through a range of spectroscopic techniques targeting the obtaining of prominent information with regard to the relation structure-activity of the proteins. The fluorescence results showed that in the presence of the surfactants a quantum yield increases, and the CTAC promoted the more significant effect, suggesting that the protein presents a larger quantity of specific negative sites, as the anionic residues, glutamil and aspartil. In the interaction of d monomer of the HbGp with CTAC occurred the formation of pentacoordinated species in both pHs. For system monomer of HbGp-SDS at pH 7.0 and 9.0, was observed by oxidation of d monomer, characterized by the formation of the species hemichrome. The interaction of d monomer at pH 7.0 and 9.0 with CTAC, analyzed by circular dichroism spectra, indicates the loss of secondary structure. However, for SDS and BRIJ-35 surfactants it is possible to detect the lower loss of secondary structure in relation to CTAC.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:33:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:06:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP