Lime Hempcrete consists of lime, water and hemp and creates an insulating, sound-absorbing, lightweight and environmentally friendly material that can be used in wall, roof and floor structures (Bevan & Woolley 2008). This construction method is not yet developed in Sweden as there has been a ban on the cultivation of the hemp plant. This ban on the cultivation of hemp was removed in 2003, when the material got a boost. You can use it in many different ways and not just in the construction industry (Ahlsten, 2010). In this study we have investigated the possibility to produce prefabricated wall elements of LHC. We have also studied its mechanical properties and dehydration time. Different types of mixes were made to find out which type of blend that worked best and had good workability properties. Four different types of wall elements were made to see how they react when they are handled and lifted and to show how you can connect the wall elements to each other and how you can connect them in corners.

Hemp, one of the fast-growing plants with strong, durable fibers is being used for industrial applications, including papermaking, as a biodegradable reinforcing material for plastics as well as in construction. A series of tests has been conducted grinding hemp with the SM-220 Szego Mill equipped with three helically grooved, 30 cm long rollers with 8*8 or 4*4 mm grooves. A range of flow rates and rotational speeds has been covered in both dry and wet operation to determine the best processing conditions for various potential applications of refined hemp fibers. Particle size distributions and power consumption have been measured. Fiber length and diameter measurements allow an evaluation of fiber aspect ratio. For dry grinding, these are relatively low, typically in the 6-10 range. Wet grinding generally favors higher aspect ratios due to reduced fiber cutting and greater clearing action in the mill. Measured values are in the 60-80 range

Hemp, one of the fast-growing plants with strong, durable fibers is being used for industrial applications, including papermaking, as a biodegradable reinforcing material for plastics as well as in construction. A series of tests has been conducted grinding hemp with the SM-220 Szego Mill equipped with three helically grooved, 30 cm long rollers with 8*8 or 4*4 mm grooves. A range of flow rates and rotational speeds has been covered in both dry and wet operation to determine the best processing conditions for various potential applications of refined hemp fibers. Particle size distributions and power consumption have been measured. Fiber length and diameter measurements allow an evaluation of fiber aspect ratio. For dry grinding, these are relatively low, typically in the 6-10 range. Wet grinding generally favors higher aspect ratios due to reduced fiber cutting and greater clearing action in the mill. Measured values are in the 60-80 range

Thesis--Universitas Indonesia. / With a summary in English. Includes bibliographical references (p. 70-71).

The thesis deals with hemp (Cannabis sativa) and its utilization in many different branches of industry, food processing industry and other spheres of human existence. It results from many reasons: lead the human activities to respect his environment, to change the way of human activities, life style and thinking in relation with environment. I try to show the way, how to keep living standard without negative impacts. It means not to limit surroundings and not to harm environment. This is the way, how to live economically and ecologically. Production works on assumption of interests of consumers. For that reason I investigate possibilities and perspectives of use of products from technical hemp in Czech market. Also I investigate the technological, economical, political and societal view. Marketing study of interest in products of technical hemp shows, that there is serious interest of respondents in these products. In the future it is necessary to deal with initiate problems mainly from the view of consumers, study the market branches and each individual hemp commodities. In the first instance it is necessary to press technical hemp as the useful and multilaterally effective plant. We can{\crq}t do that only because of trading profits, which are not so attractive. We have to do that, because we know we support the good thing. Really, it is not important, if we will do it, but when we will start with it. I would like to point out, that there is not only welfare of individuals, but also welfare of the whole society. Still the fundamental is to respect all living creatures as well as to all things.

Nanocellulose has gained lots of attentions in recent years due to the development of nanotechnology. Thousands of publications have been reported about the fabrication, characterization and application of nanocellulose, among which most of the nanocelluloses were fabricated from the microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) or pulp, and only two methods about the nanocellulose fabrication have been reported, i.e. sulphuric acid hydrolysis and mechanical treatment. The sulphuric acid method can only obtain low yield of nanocellulose and the mechanical treatment can not fabricate nanocellulose with high crystallinity index (CI) and well separation. These problems limit the scale up of nanocellulose to industrial area. Moreover, none of works has reported the application of nanocellulose for the modification of natural fibres and only a few works reported the reinforcement of epoxy with nanocellulose. In this this research, we fabricated nanocellulose directly from hemp fibres by employing oxidation/sonication method with the aim to solve the main problems of nanocellulose fabrication with sulphuric acid hydrolysis or mechanical. By using this method the yield of nanocellulose could up to 54.11 % and the crystallinity of nanocellulose was 86.59 %. In order to expand the application of nanocellulose, we investigated the modification of natural fibres (hemp) with nanocellulose and the fabrication of nanocomposite. Two-step modification, i.e. dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) pretreatment and nanocellulose modification, was used to modify hemp fibres. In this process, we systematically investigated the deformation of hemp fibres, revealed the mechanism of deformation on the mechanical property of single fibre by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and investigated the effect of deformation on the hemp fibre modification with nanocellulose by using energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). The two-step modification increased the mechanical properties of hemp fibres significantly. Compared with raw hemp fibres, the modulus, tensile stress and tensile strain of the two-step nanocellulose modified hemp fibres increase by 36.13 %, 72.80 % and 67.89 %, respectively. Moreover, two-step modification facilitated the improvement of interfacial property of fibres. This novel natural fibre modification provides new clue to exploit nanocellulose as a green chemical agent for natural fibres modification. We modified nanocellulose by using curing agent of epoxy---diethylenetriamine (DETA). This modification could increase the dispersity of nanocellulose in epoxy and reinforce epoxy. Compared with epoxy, the modulus, tensile stress and tensile strain of the modified nanocellulose/epoxy nanocomposite increased 1.42 %, 15.44 % and 27.47 %, respectively.

<p>Agronomic management decisions are made to maximize plant growth and crop yields but can also be used as tools to manage insect pests. Different management practices, such as nitrogen fertilization, cultivar selection, and planting date choice can influence the foliar traits of a crop. Plant foliar traits play important roles in mediating plant-herbivore interactions. Herbivores balance consumption of plant tissue for nutritional gains while contending with plant traits that may deter herbivory or are toxic. Agronomic management practices have been widely studied in many crops, however, for a new or re-emerging crop, there is less information on the influence management has on insect herbivory. Industrial hemp (<i>Cannabis sativa</i> L.) is a re-emerging crop in the United States that is gaining interest, but the current literature has not clearly defined the influence different management practices can have on hemp foliar traits and the role foliar traits play on hemp-insect interactions. The goal of this study was to understand the influence management strategies and temporal changes have on hemp morphological and chemical foliar traits and how these differences alter herbivore performance. </p> <p>To understand the influence of management practices on hemp foliar traits and insect performance, I conducted both greenhouse and field herbivory studies using field grown hemp in both cases. In 2017 leaves from three different field-grown hemp cultivars, were planted on two different dates, and received two different rates of nitrogenous fertilizer and were then used for a no-choice feeding bioassay using fall armyworm (<i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i>). Foliar nitrogen, C:N, LMA, THC, and CBD were determined and insect performance was measured as growth, consumption, and frass production. Management practices influenced the foliar traits of hemp, specifically fertilization rate, cultivar, and the interaction of fertilization rate with cultivar and with planting date altered foliar traits. Fertilization rate had the greatest influence on herbivore performance, driven by higher foliar nitrogen. Foliar nitrogen had a strong positive influence on insect performance and the ratios of carbon to nitrogen and total cannabinoids to nitrogen had strong negative influences on insect performance. </p> <p>To measure foliar trait changes over the course of a growing season in different cultivars and to determine herbivore damage, three hemp cultivars were planted in 2018, and leaves were collected at five time points to measure changes in foliar traits. To measure herbivory, leaves were collected at the end of the 2018 growing season and percentage of tissue removed by herbivores was calculated. Foliar traits changed across the growing season, with a decrease in foliar nitrogen and an increase in the ratio of carbon to nitrogen, leaf thickness, THC, and CBD. The foliar trait that had the strongest positive influence on herbivore damage was foliar nitrogen, and higher nitrogen was associated with more herbivore damage. C:N, LMA, and ratio of total cannabinoids to nitrogen had strong negative influences on herbivore damage. Both studies can give us insight into the foliar traits that are driving hemp-insect interactions. Because foliar nitrogen had the greatest positive influence, while the ratios of carbon to nitrogen and total cannabinoid to nitrogen had the greatest negative influence on both performance and field herbivory, focusing on management that affects these three foliar traits is important for pest control. Since foliar nitrogen, C:N and total cannabinoids:N were all affected by nitrogen fertilization, reducing the amount of nitrogenous fertilizer applied while still considering yield could be and important management tool to reduce insect pests. </p>

The world is facing increasing pressures to reduce the amount of energy and resources that are being used. The UK government has targets to reduce carbon emissions and energy usage. Within the UK buildings are a significant contributor towards both energy and material usage. One approach to reduce the energy and carbon emissions from construction is to use natural materials that require minimal processing and energy input such as straw, timber, unfired earth and hemp-lime. Hemp-lime is a composite solid wall insulating material made from hemp shiv and a lime based binder and water which can be cast between shutters or spray applied. Hemp-lime is typically used with a load bearing timber studwork frame. Current design practice assumes that hemp-lime is a nonstructural material and only provides the insulation to the wall construction. However, as it encapsulates the studs it has to potential to enhance their load capacity by preventing buckling and resisting in-plane forces. This study aimed to establish the contribution of the hemp-lime to the structural performance of composite hemp-lime and studwork frame walls under three loading conditions; vertical compression, in-plane racking and out-of-plane bending. Both theoretical analysis and experimental testing were undertaken in order to establish the contribution. Tradical HF hemp shiv and Tradical HB binder were used to mix hemplime with a density of 275kg/m3. The wall constructions were initially theoretically analysed using existing approaches and both the stiffness and strength of the wall panels were calculated. Experimental testing was undertaken on 24 full size wall panels. Fifteen were tested with compressive loads, five with in-plane racking loads and four with out-of-plane bending loads. Initially two walls were tested with a concentric compressive load applied to the top of the encapsulated timber studs. The studs were shown to be restrained by the hemp-lime preventing buckling and increasing the failure load by over 500%. Four walls were tested with eccentrically applied compressive loads to investigate bursting of the studs through the hemp-lime surface. On three walls the studs burst through the hemp-lime showing that bursting is dependent upon the hemp-lime cover over the studs. In addition unrestrained studs were tested and shown to buckle at much lower loads than the hemp-lime lime encapsulated studs. Under in-plane racking loads two walls were initially tested and found to have increased stiffness and strength over an unrestrained studwork frame. The leading stud joints were found to be a weak point. These joints were improved and two further walls were tested, one with a sheathing board attached to the studwork frame and one without. The strengthened joints were found to improve the stiffness and strength of the wall panels. The wall panel with sheathing was also found to have a higher stiffness than the unsheathed walls. Two walls were initially tested with applied out-of-plane loads. One wall was hemplime with rendered surfaces and the other included a studwork frame. The studwork frame was found to provide continued load capacity once the render and the hemp-lime had failed. Two further wall panels were tested with a sheathing board attached to the studwork frame and render on the other face of the hemp-lime. Again the studwork frames were found to provide post crack load capacity. The walls were also found to perform with differing stiffness according to the load direction. Following experimental testing the theoretical results were compared with the experimental results. Generally good correlation is seen between the results. Prior to the experimental testing it was not possible to predict the bursting of the hemp-lime when the studs were loaded in compression, however following testing a technique was developed to allow this prediction to be made. In conclusion this study has shown that hemp-lime does enhance the load capacity of studwork framing under both compressive and in-plane racking loads. Under out-ofplane bending loads the studwork frame allows continued load capacity after the hemplime and render have cracked. This study has shown that material savings can be made when using this type of construction as a sheathing board is not necessary as the hemplime can fulfil its structural function. This will contribute towards a more efficient construction system and reduced energy and resource use.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University. / Trade between the United States and Russia has never been given much attention by American historians, particularly by those American historians specializing in studies of our early national period. Therefore, he who would do research on early Russo-American commerce must pore over the manuscript consular and ministerial reports of the American State Department archives, the Massachusetts Historical Society microfilms of the diary and letters of John Quincy Adams, and the manuscript log, letter and account books of the Peabody Museum and Essex Institute of Salem, Massachusetts. In the early national period of the United States no field of economic endeavor except agriculture was of greater importance to our young republic than our overseas trade. The merchant marine was one of the most important tools in the creation of American economic viability and in the reinforcement of the political independence so recently won. Our merchant marine a.n:i our navy could not have operated without Russian imports: iron, sailcloth and -most important of all - hemp and hemp cordage. In the age of sail, hemp was as critically important as is oil today, for hemp cordage was the ligaments and nerves of the sailing ship. Some hemp was raised in the United States, but of such poor quality that when exposed to brine or to salt spray it quickly deteriorated. Most hemp used on American ships was grown in Russia. Russo-American trade was also important in the history of Russia and Europe as a whole. Russia was an ally of Napoleon when he created his Continental System by forbidding his empire and allies to trade with the British. However, Russia's best market was Britain and Britain's best source of essential naval stores was Russia. At the same time, Americans were discovering that the economic warfare between France and Britain was making the ports of all of Europe directly or nearly directly under Napoleon's control very dangerous for American shipping. Even the usually peaceful Danes, for instance, seized several hundred American merchantmen between 1807 and the outbreak of the War of 1812. It was inevitable that Russia, the continental European nation farthest from Napoleon's center of power, would become one of our most important trading partners. In 1811, for example, one tenth of all America's exports went to Russia. It was also inevitable that many Americans would engage in smuggling goods to and from Russia fer the British. And it was inevitable that Britons would disguise their own merchantmen with American flags and papers, and continue direct trade with Russia under false colors. Thus it was that from 1808 through 1812 the foreign flag most commonly seen in Russia's Baltic and White Sea ports was the Stars and Stripes. In the summer of 1811, for instance, a hundred vessels flying the American nag lay in Kronstadt harbor at one time. Napoleon sent demand after demand to Tsar Alexander I to halt all trade with American vessels. All Americans, the Corsican claimed, were either British or sailing on British account. From 1809 through the winter of 1812 Napoleon's ambassadors to Russia, Caulaincourt and Lauriston, fought America's minister to Russia, John Quincy Adams, for Alexander's favor. Adams won, because Alexander knew that the bulk of Russia's foreign trade was now being carried in American bottoms. To sever trade relations with the United States would have had a disastrous effect on Russia's already staggering economy. Probably Russia's lax enforcement of the Continental System against shipping flying the American colors was as important as any other single factor in convincing Napoleon that he must invade Russia, and therefore in bringing the French Einpire to wreck upon the white reefs of the Russian winter of 1812.

Research in incorporating natural fibers in composites has been in progress for a few decades where the various mechanical, electrical and acoustic properties of such composites were explored. Natural fiber composites (NFCs) have few benefits over the traditional glass or carbon fiber composites such as light weight, low manufacturing cost and requiring less energy for production. NFC is also bio-degradable and recyclable. The primary objectives of this research are to explore the static and dynamic properties of the hemp and linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) and determine impact absorbing capability using the above mentioned properties. LLDPE is surface-treated with maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (MA-g-PE) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). A melt-mixing process is employed where LLDPE is compounded with the hemp fibers in 10%, 20% and 30% vol. fraction. Tensile and flexural properties are measured. The material is characterized by propagating Lamb waves generated using a dropped dead weight. Time-frequency information is extracted from a thin disc-like specimen using the Gabor Wavelet Transform (GWT) so as to characterize the material. Detection of defect is also established using the generated waves and GWT. Using Gabor wavelet coefficients, the dispersion and attenuation of the specimen are determined in different material directions. Comparison of attenuation of the waveforms is observed at different locations providing the knowledge of materials homogeneity, the materials behavior due to an impact and its impact absorbing character.