<p>Hemp has been used for textiles for a long time in history until it became illegal to grow in many countries in the 1930s. </p><p>It is interesting from an environmental point of view because it doesn’t need any pesticides and in most locations it doesn’t need any irrigation either, compared to cotton, which normally requires big amounts of both pesticides and water for irrigation. </p><p>Hemp is a bast fiber, which means that the fibers are located on the bast of the stem (on the outer layer of the stem). Therefore they cannot be spun directly, they have to be removed from the stem first. This is done by retting and treatment with the base NaOH. </p><p>This report aims to investigate the environmental problems associated with hemp fiber processing, in order to see if hemp can be an environmentally friendly material for production of clothes (and other textiles) in the future. </p><p>The retting water contains organic matter (BOD = biological oxygen demand) and should not be led out directly into rivers or lakes because the retting products that are still left in the water will be degraded by microorganisms, who use oxygen and make the water free from oxygen if there is too much degradable material. </p><p>In China, where much of today’s hemp for textile production is grown and produced, the retting water is used to irrigate fields. This way, the material can be broken down in the soil, before it reaches rivers and lakes. </p><p>After the retting, the fibers are treated with a base (NaOH). The residue water from this process doesn’t seem to pose any environmental impact either, if treated properly. It needs biological cleaning treatment (microorganisms who degrade the material under controlled circumstances). This treatment produces a “cottonized” fiber that can be spun in cotton spinning machinery and has a good quality.</p><p>The hemp industry needs investments in order for the prices to go down, but it is an interesting environmentally friendly material for clothes because of its environmental advantages and easy way to grow to grow together with its high crop yields.</p>

Hemp has been used for textiles for a long time in history until it became illegal to grow in many countries in the 1930s. It is interesting from an environmental point of view because it doesn’t need any pesticides and in most locations it doesn’t need any irrigation either, compared to cotton, which normally requires big amounts of both pesticides and water for irrigation. Hemp is a bast fiber, which means that the fibers are located on the bast of the stem (on the outer layer of the stem). Therefore they cannot be spun directly, they have to be removed from the stem first. This is done by retting and treatment with the base NaOH. This report aims to investigate the environmental problems associated with hemp fiber processing, in order to see if hemp can be an environmentally friendly material for production of clothes (and other textiles) in the future. The retting water contains organic matter (BOD = biological oxygen demand) and should not be led out directly into rivers or lakes because the retting products that are still left in the water will be degraded by microorganisms, who use oxygen and make the water free from oxygen if there is too much degradable material. In China, where much of today’s hemp for textile production is grown and produced, the retting water is used to irrigate fields. This way, the material can be broken down in the soil, before it reaches rivers and lakes. After the retting, the fibers are treated with a base (NaOH). The residue water from this process doesn’t seem to pose any environmental impact either, if treated properly. It needs biological cleaning treatment (microorganisms who degrade the material under controlled circumstances). This treatment produces a “cottonized” fiber that can be spun in cotton spinning machinery and has a good quality. The hemp industry needs investments in order for the prices to go down, but it is an interesting environmentally friendly material for clothes because of its environmental advantages and easy way to grow to grow together with its high crop yields.

Lime Hempcrete consists of lime, water and hemp and creates an insulating, sound-absorbing, lightweight and environmentally friendly material that can be used in wall, roof and floor structures (Bevan &amp; Woolley 2008). This construction method is not yet developed in Sweden as there has been a ban on the cultivation of the hemp plant. This ban on the cultivation of hemp was removed in 2003, when the material got a boost. You can use it in many different ways and not just in the construction industry (Ahlsten, 2010). In this study we have investigated the possibility to produce prefabricated wall elements of LHC. We have also studied its mechanical properties and dehydration time. Different types of mixes were made to find out which type of blend that worked best and had good workability properties. Four different types of wall elements were made to see how they react when they are handled and lifted and to show how you can connect the wall elements to each other and how you can connect them in corners.

Föreliggande rapport behandlar det alternativa stommaterialet lersten. Lera är ett gammalt och traditionellt byggnadsmaterial vars kunskap och egenskaper har fallit i glömska. Detta har gjort att materialet och dess egenskaper generellt är okänt i dagsläget och problematik uppstår bland annat vid ansökan om bygglov. Regler och krav på produkter utvecklas ständigt och finns registrerade i en byggproduktförordning kallad CPR (Construction Products Regulation) som sammanställts av Europeiska unionen. Syftet med kraven är att alla material inom EU:s byggsektor ska jämföras och bedömmas utifrån samma förutsättningar via prestandadeklaration och CE-märkning. De dokumenterade materialegenskaperna underlättar den internationella handeln mellan medlemsländerna i EU. Aktörer i byggbranschen anser lera som ett otillförlitligt material då det råder brist på fastställda egenskaper. För att lera som byggnadsmaterial ska bli standardiserat och därmed klara EU:s krav behövs mer forskning om materialet. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka lermaterial med armering av hampa utifrån aspekterna tryckhållfasthet, värmeledningsförmåga och ånggenomsläpplighet. Studien utgår från lerstenar framställda från ett markområde utanför Gävle. Fyra varierande sammansättningar har undersökts med anledning att fastställa lerstenars egenskaper och armeringsmaterialet hampas inverkan på resultaten. Genom undersökning av de ovannämnda områdena samt kritiska granskningar av tidigare genomförda studier har tabellvärden inom vardera område fastställts. De metoder som används är baserade på standardiserande metoder och inkluderar kvalificerade beräkningar. Resultaten har analyserats utifrån varierande densitet och sammansättningar där mängden hampa har betonats. Resultaten inom tryckhållfasthet konstaterades utifrån beräknade karakteristiska värden inom variationen 1,11–1,92 MPa och kan därmed efterliknas betonghålblock. Hampans egenskaper av att vara segt och hållbart förbättrar tryckhållfastheten vid porösa material. Inom värmeledning fastställdes att resultaten påminner om värmekonduktiviteten för sandfyllning på 0,4 W/m*K då lerstenarnas värmekonduktivitet varierade mellan 0,301–0,377 W/m*K. Skillnaden mellan samtliga lerstenars ångpermeabilitet är marginella då resultaten varierade mellan 3,63–4,06*10-6 m2/s. Resultaten i undersökningen möjliggjorde en teoretisk undersökning av risk för kondens i lerkonstruktioner där områdena tryckhållfasthet, värmeledningsförmåga och ånggenomsläpplighet samverkar. / The study deals with the alternative framework material adobe. Clay is an old and traditional building material which properties and qualities have been forgotten. This has made the material and its properties unknown and problems arise for instance when applying for building permits. Rules and regulations for products are constantly developed and are registered in the Construction Products Regulation, CPR, which is compiled by the European Union. The purpose with the regulations is that all materials within the European Union’s construction sector will be evaluated based on the same conditions through Declarations of Products and CE marking. The documented properties of the materials facilitate the international trading between countries within the European Union. Operators in the building industry consider clay as an unreliable material because determined properties are missing. More research is required to get clay standardized as a building material and pass EU’s regulations. This study intends to investigate clay material with hemp as reinforcement from the aspects compressive strength, thermal conductivity and water vapor diffusion permeability. The study is based on adobes produced in a land area outside Gävle, Sweden. Four varying compositions have been investigated with reason to determine adobes properties and the reinforcement material hemp’s impact on the results. Through examination of the above mentioned areas as well as critical audits of earlier studies have table values within each area been established. The methods that have been used are based on standardized methods and include qualified calculations. The results have been analyzed based on varying density and compositions where the amount of hemp has been emphasized. The results of the compressive strength tests was found from calculated characteristic values within the variance 1,11–1,92 MPa and can thus imitate concrete hollow blocks. The hemp’s properties as tough and durable improve the compressive strength when using porous materials. The thermal conductivity tests determined that the results resembles the thermal conductivity for sand fill at 0,4 W/m*K since the adobes thermal conductivity varied between 0,301–0,377 W/m*K. The difference between all adobes water vapor diffusion permeability are marginal since the results varied between 3,63–4,06*10-6 m2/s. The results of the study made it possible to do a theoretical investigation of the risk for condensation in clay constructions where the areas of compressive strength, thermal conductivity and water vapor diffusion permeability interact together.

This is a paper that partly has studied the uses of Cannabis sativa in Sweden during prehistoric and historic times (mainly prehistoric) and partly have discussed and analyzed the previous science on the matter. The use of the species as a fiber material for ropes and textiles has been well documented in historical times and the use of the medicinal properties of the plant has been vaguely speculated upon. The archaeological evidence from prehistoric and historic use has been gathered and analyzed. The paper concludes that cannabis mainly has been used as hemp in order to provide household textiles from around year 0 up to the modern age in varying degree.

Denna studie har tagits fram i syfte att undersöka möjligheten att ringspinna cottoniserad hampafiber. Cottoniserad hampa innebär rötning av fibrer. Efterfrågan av mer miljövänliga fibrer är ett mycket omtalat ämne i dagens samhälle. Genom att använda fibrer vilka efterliknar bomullens egenskaper, i form av cottoniserad hampa, finns det möjlighet att behålla bomullens funktion men samtidigt minska miljöpåverkan. Studien utförs i ett samarbete med IKEA of Sweden, ett av de företagen som tar ställning till detta. Fokus i studien har placerats främst på ringspinning. Denna spinningmetod ger bidrag till högkvalitativa garn. Ringspinning har utförts på olika nivåer: 100 % cottoniserad hampa, 80/20 blandning (bomull/cottoniserad hampa), 50/50 och 100 % bomull, för att utvärdera hur stor andel cottoniserad hampa kan implementeras i ringspinningsystem. Processen har utvecklats genom ständiga lösningar till förbättrad ringspinning av respektive fiberblandning, varav niokombinationer tagits fram. Till dessa kombinationer har hantering av förbehandling 1 och 2 tillkommit. Analys av garnerna har utförts på garnnivå med hjälp av dragprovning, bedömning av utseende samt finhet. Dragprovning utfördes för att undersöka garnets brottförlängning och brottkraft. Garnets utseende bedöms enligt standardiserad skala. Dess finhet bedöms enligt garnnumrering för att avgöra hur tunt garn som kan tillverkas. Möjligheten att ringspinna 100 % cottoniserad hampa visade ett misslyckat resultat. Den maximala andel cottoniserad hampa vilket kan tillsättas i ringspinningsystem är 50 %. 80/20 framkom som enklast att ringspinna och hantera vid produktion. Med blandningen 80/20 och 100 % bomull är det möjligt att producera finare garn med garnnummer Ne 20 och Ne 15. Studien visar att tillsättning i form av förbehandling gynnar garntillverkning av cottoniserad hampa med blandning av bomull. Störst potential till en kontinuerlig ringspinning visar 80/20. 50/50 är möjligt att applicera i ringspinningsystem men kräver justering och ständig kontroll.50 % cottoniserad hampa i ringspinningsystem innebär ett resultat som belyser möjligheten att implementera cottoniserad hampa i bredare utsträckning framöver. Detta är också ett utav IKEAs egna långsiktiga hållbarhetsmål.

<p>The varieties of paint are today very big, but many of the more popular paints are less than environmental friendly. The uses of fossilized fuel in paints are common because these paints dry fast and are color true. It would be beneficial for the environment if more renewable source were used to produce paint. Linseed oil is an old base for oil paints. It is renewable and easily procured. But linseed oils have some aspects that give it a bad reputation. There are problems with the slow drying and the color turning yellow when exposed to darkness for long periods of time. Researchers at KTH have connected the yellowing to linolenic acid, one of the common fatty acids in linseed oil (Svensson, M. Johansson, M, Stenberg, C. Samuelsson, J. 2003). Hempseed oil is also a drying oil like linseed, but hempseed oil contains a larger amount of the fatty acid linoleic acid and a smaller amount of linolenic acid (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hempseed_oil). This might mean that oil paint based on hempseed-oil instead of linseed-oil might have fewer problems with yellowing.Experiments with the two oils have been executed side by side in order to compare results. Two oil paints have also been produced and tested. Test pieces painted with the two different oil paints were exposed to moisture, daylight and complete darkness and then compared.</p>

The varieties of paint are today very big, but many of the more popular paints are less than environmental friendly. The uses of fossilized fuel in paints are common because these paints dry fast and are color true. It would be beneficial for the environment if more renewable source were used to produce paint. Linseed oil is an old base for oil paints. It is renewable and easily procured. But linseed oils have some aspects that give it a bad reputation. There are problems with the slow drying and the color turning yellow when exposed to darkness for long periods of time. Researchers at KTH have connected the yellowing to linolenic acid, one of the common fatty acids in linseed oil (Svensson, M. Johansson, M, Stenberg, C. Samuelsson, J. 2003). Hempseed oil is also a drying oil like linseed, but hempseed oil contains a larger amount of the fatty acid linoleic acid and a smaller amount of linolenic acid (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hempseed_oil). This might mean that oil paint based on hempseed-oil instead of linseed-oil might have fewer problems with yellowing.Experiments with the two oils have been executed side by side in order to compare results. Two oil paints have also been produced and tested. Test pieces painted with the two different oil paints were exposed to moisture, daylight and complete darkness and then compared.

Textilindustrin räknas till en av de största industrierna i världen och står för ett antal utmaningar gällande miljöfrågor. En utav anledningarna till att textilindustrin måste ställa om är användandet av konventionell bomull. Konventionell bomull odlas med bekämpningsmedel som innehåller kemikalier som skadar omgivande vatten och mark. Bomull är även begränsad till att växa i subtropiska klimat där det råder brist på vatten. Bomullens negativa påverkan på miljön har startat en jakt på alternativa fibrer, vilket är anledningen till ett ökat intresse för hampa (Cannabis Sativa L.) har skapats. Hampa kan odlas utan bekämpnings- och ogräsmedel, behöver mindre vatten än bomull och kan växa i alla typer av klimat. Hampa är ett starkt material som har en lång historia av textil applikation över hela världen, men på grund av associeringen till droger har det gjort plantan kontroversiell och den har därtill varit olaglig att odla. Förbudet resulterade i att hampaindustrin stodstill och förhindrade innovation, forskning och teknisk utveckling som medförde en brist på kunskap gällande hanteringen av hampafibern. Idag är det lagligt att odla hampa om den faller underindustrihampa. För att kunna studera detta material på ett mer ingående (och hanterbart) sätt har denna uppsats valt att granska användningen av hampa i denim, vilket utgör ett av textilindustrins mest populära textiler. En djupgående kvalitativ fallstudie på användandet av hampa i just denim utfördes genomdatainsamling av tidigare forskning och intervjuer. Resultatet av studien visade att hampa kan vara ett passande och mer miljövänligt ersättningsmaterial i produktionen av denim i jämfört medkonventionell bomull som föredras idag, främst på grund av en minskad miljöpåverkan i odlingsfasen. Att ersätta bomullsfibern helt i denim är dock svårt att uppnå, men med hjälp av ökade investeringar i beredningsfasen och en högre efterfrågan av hampafibern ses detta som en möjlighet. Genom att fokusera på fiberns miljövänliga egenskaper och se bort från stigmatiseringen är hampa ett passande material för hållbar utveckling. Studien utgör därmed ett värdefullt bidrag i resan moten mer miljövänlig textilindustri. / The textile industry is considered to be one of the largest industries in the world and faces a number of challenges regarding environmental issues; the continued use of conventional cotton makes for one such challenge. Cotton is grown using both pesticides and insecticides that harm surrounding waters and soils. Cotton is also limited to growing in subtropical climates where water scarcity prevails. These negative impacts have necessitated in a need for alternative fibers. Hemp (Cannabis Sativa L.) has become one such fiber. Hemp can be cultivated without pesticides, insecticides and herbicides, need less water than cotton and can grow in any type of climate. Hemp is a durable material with a long history within textile application globally. However, its association with narcotics has made the crop controversial, and its partial prohibition has lead to prevented innovation, research, and technological development surrounding the hemp industry, ultimately creating an underdeveloped manufacturing process. Today it is legal to cultivate hemp if it is approved as an industrial hemp. In order to study hemp in a more manageable way, this study aims to investigate the usage of hemp in denim, specifically, which is one of the most popular textiles in the textile industry. An in-depth qualitative case study on the usage of hemp in denim has therefore been conducted through data gathering from previous research and through interviews. The results of this study showed that hemp can be a suitable and more sustainable replacement material in the manufacturing of denim compared to the conventional cotton favored today, due to a reduced environmental impact throughout the cultivation and growing process. A full replacement of the cotton fiber in denim remains difficult to achieve. However, increased investments in the manufacturing phase and higher demand of the crop can make this a reality. By focusing on the environmentally friendly properties of the hemp fiber and avoiding its stigma, hemp remains a useful and suitable material for sustainable development. Thus, this study makes a valuable contribution in the journey towards a more environmentally friendly textile industry.

Klimatförändringar är ett faktum, och den globala livsmedelsproduktionen står för 25 – 30 % av de totala utsläppen. För att minska utsläppen krävs det stora förändringar i samhället. För den enskilda individen kan ett minskat intag av animaliska livsmedelsprodukter göra stor skillnad för miljö och klimat. För att lyckas med detta krävs det en attitydförändring och ökad kunskap bland konsumenter i samhället. Syftet med studien är att undersöka konsumenters attityder och intresse för en svenskodlad hampadryck. Relevant litteratur och teori användes för att få en ökad förståelse av människors matval och preferenser. Fokusgrupper användes som metod för att öka förståelsen för konsumenters attityder kring olika faktorer av hampadrycken. Urvalet baserades på heterogena grupper med olika kön, ålder och utbildning för att få en bredare diskussion. Studien resulterade i fyra olika teman som fokuserar kring hampadrycken. Allt handlar om smaken, Intresse och medvetenhet för svenskt, Marknadens mervärde och Attraktivt med tydligt innehåll. Dessa fyra olika teman hjälper till att få en helhetsbild av konsumenters kunskap och medvetenhet, och även vad som efterfrågas på marknaden, ur ett konsumentperspektiv. Människan är en komplex varelse och det finns många aspekter att ta hänsyn till vid förändringar,inte minst maten och måltiden. Sammanfattningsvis kan man se ett stort intresse och medvetenhet kring hållbara matval bland konsumenter, och en stark vilja att förändra sitt ätande för en bättre miljö. / The climate change is a fact, and the global food production is responsible for 25 – 30 % of the greenhouse gases. To reduce the emissions major changes are needed in the society. For the individuals, a reduced intake of food products made of animals can make a big difference for the environment. To succeed in this matter, a change of attitude and increased knowledge among consumers in the society is required. The purpose of the study is to investigate consumers attitudes and interest in a beverage made of Swedish-grown hemp. Relevant literature and theory were used to gain an increased understanding of people’s food choices and preferences. Focus groups were used as method to interpret consumer’s attitudes about various factors of the hemp beverage. The selection of participants was based on heterogeneous groups with different genders, age and education and the purpose of this was to have a broader discussion among the participants. The study resulted in four different themes with focus around the hemp beverage. It is about the taste, Interest and awareness of Swedish products, The markets added value and Attractive with a clear content. These four different themes are helpful to get an overall picture of consumers knowledge and awareness, but also what is in demand in the market, from a consumer’s perspective. Humankind is a complex being and there is much to consider when change occurs, especially when it is about food and meal. In summary, there is a great interest and awareness for sustainable food choices among consumers, and a strong desire to change their eating habits for a better environment.