Si la théologie chez de Lubac est une théologie d’occasion, son humanisme est un humanisme converti, converti au Christ ! Il y a chez H. de Lubac une véritable quête d’un humanisme authentique qui ne soit pas contre l’homme, mais pour l’homme, ce que seule la foi au Christ peut garantir. C’est la raison pour laquelle notre auteur envisage l’humanisme comme tourné vers la religion la plus humaine, à savoir la religion du Verbe Incarné. Car ce concept d’humanisme, uni à une trop grande survalorisation de l’homme, verse rapidement dans une dérive anthropologique. Dans l’humanisme chrétien, c’est moins l’existence de l’homme que sa vocation qui est mise en valeur. D’autre part, il existe une connexion entre la singularité de la personne et la solidarité de l’humanité. L’humanisme chrétien déjoue toutes les formes d’individualisme et de collectivisme en contemplant le Christ sous les modes de la densité et de l’unité. La conception de l’humanisme revêt chez Lubac une densité ontologique et une fécondité. Si le sage antique est un être séparé parce que sa contemplation reste solitaire, le saint, dans le Christ, travaille à la transfiguration définitive de l’Univers. Lubac dresse le constat selon lequel le Christ ne peut être dépassé puisque c’est en lui que tout est accompli. L’évènement Jésus-Christ joue un rôle décisif pour l’humanité, c’est le principe du « Tout en tous ». / If the theology at Lubac is a theology of opportunity, its humanism is a converted humanism, converted to the Christ! There is at H. de Lubac a real quest of an authentic humanism which is not against the man, but for the man, what only the faith to the Christ can guarantee. It is the reason why our author envisages the humanism turned to the most human religion, worth knowing the religion of the Embodied Verb. Because this concept of humanism, united with a too big overestimation of the man, quickly overturns into an anthropological drift. In the Christian humanism, it is less the existence of the man than his vocation which is highlighted. On the other hand, there is a connection between the peculiarity of the person and the solidarity of the humanity. The Christian humanism thwarts all the forms of individualism and collectivism by contemplating the Christ under the modes of the density and the unity. The conception of the humanism dresses at Lubac an ontological density and a fertility. If the antique wise person is a separate being because his pondering remains solitary, the saint, in the Christ, works on the definitive metamorphosis of the Universe. Lubac draws up the report according to which the Christ cannot be exceeded because it is in him that everything is carried out. The event Jesus Christ plays a decisive role for the humanity, it is the principle of " Quite there all ".

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In this thesis I develop a theological ethics of migration that is attentive to the contemporary global crisis of human migration. Using the fourfold sense of scripture, with particular attention to allegory, as reclaimed from patristic and medieval exegesis by Henri de Lubac, I investigate four biblical narratives that I will show are paradigmatic of biblical approaches to the treatment of migrants. These narratives include Exodus, the Book of Ruth, and the parables of the Good Samaritan and the Prodigal Son. I present an in-depth exegesis of these narratives as vital theological and ethical sources for addressing the contemporary migration crisis. The core claim I advance in this thesis is that migration is theologically significant for Christians because loving aliens is commended throughout scripture and the theme of hospitality to migrants is central to the prophetic witness of the Church to the nations. Refugees and migrants reveal the interconnected nature of the contemporary world, and I argue that the millions of people who are currently on the move from their home nations are not only an urgent humanitarian challenge to the global community, but an ethical and theological litmus test of contemporary global civilization. The existence of so many migrants and refugees in a global civilization divided into bordered nation-states, which is also daily joined by movements of people and goods in planes, ships and trucks, reveals inconsistencies in modern political conceptions of the nation-state and of the rights of citizens. I argue that longstanding theological traditions that speak of Christians as wanderers and aliens provide a valuable source for addressing and repairing these inconsistencies. In Part I, I address the politicization of migration and modern contradictions that arise between migration law and globalization, such as territorial sovereignty and economic liberalism, and I identify vestiges of social contract theories arising before and during the Enlightenment as preventing migration from being addressed in ways that acknowledge basic and profound truths about the interconnected nature of the world. I argue that without addressing these underlying issues, migration will remain an ongoing political and humanitarian problem. In Part II, I engage in biblical exegesis to develop ethical claims for Christians and the Church, and address the underlying issues identified in Part I. I will argue that the exegesis of these biblical narratives reveal that aid, care and rescue of migrants, even to the point of self-sacrifice, present contemporary Christians and others with the opportunity to rediscover the meaning of justice and citizenship on an interconnected planet.

The practice of reading Christian Scripture is at the heart of the Christian faith and its spirituality. This dissertation is a theological exploration of what “spiritual reading” might mean in the context of the western church today. I begin with a brief consideration of the term “spiritual reading” and its connections with practices of theological interpretation and lectio divina, and note how this type of reading has been intrinsic to the Christian faith. Chapter two considers the role of the church in reading the Bible spiritually, and it contrasts the setting of the church with the settings of modern biblical scholarship and of reading the Bible as a classic work of literature. Chapter three then turns to literature more broadly, and explores the spiritual dimensions to the practices of reading classical works. In contrast to a general method of religious reading, I argue that the Christian faith profoundly shapes the practice of the Christian spiritual reading of Scripture, and I turn to Karl Barth and Henri de Lubac in chapters four and five as two modern theologians who explore the theology behind spiritual reading. Barth profoundly sets out the reality of God, and de Lubac makes the centrality of Jesus clear. In chapters six and seven I look at Ellen F. Davis as one who exemplifies the kind of spiritual reading I am exploring; chapter six sets out Davis’ reading principles, while chapter seven examines four examples of her exegesis: Psalm 109, Psalm 149, Numbers 11, and the book of Ruth. In the conclusion I link these strands of spiritual reading together and note areas of further research, and give a sketch of a spiritual reader of Christian Scripture today.

This thesis seeks to offer a clearer understanding of the Jesuit theologians and philosophers who comprised the group known the 'Fourvière Jesuits'. Led by Henri de Lubac and Jean Daniélou, they formed part of the nouvelle théologie, an influential French reform movement that flourished from the 1930s until its suppression in 1950. After identifying a certain lacuna in the secondary literature, this thesis attempts to remedy certain historical deficiencies by constructing a history both sensitive to the wider intellectual, political, economic, and cultural milieu of the French interwar crisis, and that establishes continuity with the Modernist crisis and the First World War. Chapter One examines the modern French avant-garde generations that have shaped intellectual and political thought in France, providing context for a historical narrative of the Fourvière Jesuits more sensitive to the wider influences of French culture. This historical narrative of the Fourvière Jesuits follows four stages. Chapter Two examines the influential older generations that flourished from 1893 to 1914, such as the Dreyfus generation, the generation of Catholic Modernists, and two generations of older Jesuits, which were instrumental in the Fourvière Jesuits' development. Chapter Three explores the influence of the First World War and the years of the 1920s, during which the Jesuits were in religious and intellectual formation, relying heavily on unpublished letters and documents from the Jesuits archives in Paris (Vanves). Chapter Four analyses the crises of the 1930s, the emergence of the Fourvière Jesuits' wider generation, and their participation in the intellectual thirst for revolution. Chapter Five examines the decade of the 1940s, which saw the rise to prominence of the members of the generation of 1930, who, thanks to their participation in the resistance, emerged from the Second World War, with significant influence on the postwar French intellectual milieu.

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