Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) and common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) can cause detrimental soybean yield loss. Due to widespread resistance to glyphosate and ALS-inhibiting herbicides, growers rely on protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibiting herbicides (PPO) such as flumioxazin applied preemergence (PRE) and fomesafen postemergence (POST) to control both weeds. Experiments were conducted with the overarching goal of reducing PPO selection pressure for Palmer amaranth and common ragweed. Flumioxazin alone PRE controlled Palmer amaranth near 100%. However, sulfentrazone combined with pyroxasulfone or pendimethalin provided similar control to flumioxazin. Acetochlor and linuron controlled common ragweed <74%, yet controlled Palmer amaranth >96%. Glufosinate applied POST controlled Palmer amaranth and common ragweed 74-100%, regardless of PRE treatment. Flumioxazin PRE followed by fomesafen POST controlled common ragweed well; however, several non-PPO herbicide treatments or programs with only 1 PPO-inhibiting herbicide provided similar common ragweed control as the 2 PPO system (flumioxazin followed by fomesafen). Treatments consisting of a PRE and POST herbicide controlled Palmer amaranth at least 80% and common ragweed 95%. To reduce PPO selection pressure, soybean producers growing glufosinate-resistant soybean may use flumioxazin PRE followed by glufosinate POST whereas non-glufosinate-resistant soybean growers should reduce PPO herbicide use by using a non-PPO herbicide PRE. Alternatively, these producers can effectively reduce PPO selection pressure by implementing residual combinations of a PPO-inhibiting herbicide + non-PPO with spectrums of weed control that overlap at either Palmer amaranth or common ragweed. / Master of Science in Life Sciences / Soybean producers planted 35.4 million hectares in the US during 2018. Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) and common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) are both common and problematic in soybean production. The introduction of a glyphosate-resistant soybean cultivars coupled with glyphosate allowed soybean producers to easily control these weeds along with many other broadleaf and grass weeds. However, over reliance on glyphosate selected for biotypes of common ragweed and Palmer amaranth resistant to the herbicide. In response, soybean producers have reverted to preemergence (PRE) herbicides and alternative modes of action postemergence (POST) to control these herbicide-resistant weeds. One such herbicide mode of action is inhibition of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO). Flumioxazin and fomesafen are both PPO-inhibiting herbicides and have been widely used in soybean, however increasing reliance on PPOs has selected for resistant common ragweed and Palmer amaranth biotypes. This research focused on reducing risk of PPO-inhibiting herbicide resistance development (“selection pressure”) by finding alternatives to or combinations with PPOinhibiting herbicides that would effectively control both weeds and thus preserve effectiveness of a valuable herbicide group. Of PRE herbicides applied alone, flumioxazin was the only treatment to control Palmer amaranth >79% 14 DA-PRE at Painter 2017. However, combination of PRE herbicides such as sulfentrazone or metribuzin in combination with pyroxasulfone, and pendimethalin + sulfentrazone, all controlled Palmer amaranth well. While metribuzin and pendimethalin alone did not provide as much control, a POST application of glufosinate coupled with these residual herbicides adequately controlled Palmer amaranth. Soybean producers can effectively control Palmer amaranth with a non-PPO PRE herbicide followed by glufosinate postemergence (POST) or residual combinations of a PPO + non-PPO while reducing risk of herbicide resistance development. Several PRE herbicide treatments adequately controlled common ragweed. During 2017, residual herbicides that controlled common ragweed at least 90% included flumioxazin, flumioxazin + clomazone, linuron, or metribuzin, fomesafen + linuron, and linuron + clomazone. All treatments controlled common ragweed greater than 94% during 2018, except metribuzin, linuron, and clomazone, which controlled the weed 75, 86, and 90%, respectively. Fomesafen alone or in combination with metribuzin controlled common ragweed 80 to 84%. Regardless of PRE, glufosinate POST controlled common ragweed 99% 56 and 70 days after planting (DAP). In fields infested with common ragweed yet to develop PPO resistance, growers should use a non-PPO herbicide in combination with flumioxazin PRE. Additionally, tank mixtures of effective MOAs PRE followed by glufosinate rather than a PPO POST may reduce herbicide selection pressure. The final study set out to determine which was more critical to controlling herbicideresistant Palmer amaranth and common ragweed in soybean, a PPO-inhibiting herbicide applied PRE or POST. Flumioxazin applied PRE controlled both weeds almost completely. Acetochlor and linuron did not control common ragweed as well, but controlled Palmer amaranth >96%. Both metribuzin and clomazone were weaker on common ragweed and Palmer amaranth. However, all PRE herbicide treatments followed by glufosinate or fomesafen controlled Palmer amaranth and common ragweed at least 80 and 95%, respectively. To reduce PPO selection pressure, soybean producers growing glufosinate-resistant soybean may use flumioxazin PRE followed by glufosinate POST whereas non-glufosinate-resistant growers should reduce PPO herbicide use by using a non-PPO herbicide PRE. Alternatively, these producers can effectively reduce PPO selection pressure by implementing residual combinations of a PPO-inhibiting herbicide + non-PPO with spectrums of weed control that overlap at either Palmer amaranth or common ragweed. Results from these experiments suggest PPO-inhibiting herbicides are critical for common ragweed and Palmer amaranth control. Previous research has shown effective tank mixtures with various effective MOAs has reduced the risk of herbicide resistance development. Protoporphyrinogen oxidase herbicides should be used sparingly and in combination with effective non-PPO herbicides to reduce selection pressure. / Soybean producers planted 35.4 million hectares in the US during 2018. Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) and common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) are both common and problematic in soybean production. The introduction of a glyphosate-resistant soybean cultivars coupled with glyphosate allowed soybean producers to easily control these weeds along with many other broadleaf and grass weeds. However, over reliance on glyphosate selected for biotypes of common ragweed and Palmer amaranth resistant to the herbicide. In response, soybean producers have reverted to preemergence (PRE) herbicides and alternative modes of action postemergence (POST) to control these herbicide-resistant weeds. One such herbicide mode of action is inhibition of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO). Flumioxazin and fomesafen are both PPO-inhibiting herbicides and have been widely used in soybean, however increasing reliance on PPOs has selected for resistant common ragweed and Palmer amaranth biotypes. This research focused on reducing risk of PPO-inhibiting herbicide resistance development (“selection pressure”) by finding alternatives to or combinations with PPOinhibiting herbicides that would effectively control both weeds and thus preserve effectiveness of a valuable herbicide group. Of PRE herbicides applied alone, flumioxazin was the only treatment to control Palmer amaranth >79% 14 DA-PRE at Painter 2017. However, combination of PRE herbicides such as sulfentrazone or metribuzin in combination with pyroxasulfone, and pendimethalin + sulfentrazone, all controlled Palmer amaranth well. While metribuzin and pendimethalin alone did not provide as much control, a POST application of glufosinate coupled with these residual herbicides adequately controlled Palmer amaranth. Soybean producers can effectively control Palmer amaranth with a non-PPO PRE herbicide followed by glufosinate postemergence (POST) or residual combinations of a PPO + non-PPO while reducing risk of herbicide resistance development. Several PRE herbicide treatments adequately controlled common ragweed. During 2017, residual herbicides that controlled common ragweed at least 90% included flumioxazin, flumioxazin + clomazone, linuron, or metribuzin, fomesafen + linuron, and linuron + clomazone. All treatments controlled common ragweed greater than 94% during 2018, except metribuzin, linuron, and clomazone, which controlled the weed 75, 86, and 90%, respectively. Fomesafen alone or in combination with metribuzin controlled common ragweed 80 to 84%. Regardless of PRE, glufosinate POST controlled common ragweed 99% 56 and 70 days after planting (DAP). In fields infested with common ragweed yet to develop PPO resistance, growers should use a non-PPO herbicide in combination with flumioxazin PRE. Additionally, tank mixtures of effective MOAs PRE followed by glufosinate rather than a PPO POST may reduce herbicide selection pressure. The final study set out to determine which was more critical to controlling herbicideresistant Palmer amaranth and common ragweed in soybean, a PPO-inhibiting herbicide applied PRE or POST. Flumioxazin applied PRE controlled both weeds almost completely. Acetochlor and linuron did not control common ragweed as well, but controlled Palmer amaranth >96%. Both metribuzin and clomazone were weaker on common ragweed and Palmer amaranth. However, all PRE herbicide treatments followed by glufosinate or fomesafen controlled Palmer amaranth and common ragweed at least 80 and 95%, respectively. To reduce PPO selection pressure, soybean producers growing glufosinate-resistant soybean may use flumioxazin PRE followed by glufosinate POST whereas non-glufosinate-resistant growers should reduce PPO herbicide use by using a non-PPO herbicide PRE. Alternatively, these producers can effectively reduce PPO selection pressure by implementing residual combinations of a PPO-inhibiting herbicide + non-PPO with spectrums of weed control that overlap at either Palmer amaranth or common ragweed. Results from these experiments suggest PPO-inhibiting herbicides are critical for common ragweed and Palmer amaranth control. Previous research has shown effective tank mixtures with various effective MOAs has reduced the risk of herbicide resistance development. Protoporphyrinogen oxidase herbicides should be used sparingly and in combination with effective non-PPO herbicides to reduce selection pressure.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Agronomy / Phillip W. Stahlman / Kochia [Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad.] is a weed of great economic importance in the Great Plains and western United States and Canada. This weed is prone to evolving resistance to herbicides. Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide in glyphosate-resistant crops and chemical fallow, and is extremely valuable to crop production. Anecdotal reports of kochia control failure with glyphosate in western Kansas arose during the mid-2000’s. The objectives of this research were to (1) confirm and characterize glyphosate resistance in kochia and measure its impact in western Kansas, (2) gather information on grower weed management practices before and since glyphosate resistance in kochia was confirmed, and (3) determine if altered absorption and translocation of glyphosate contributes to glyphosate resistance in kochia. Dose-response studies on greenhouse and outdoor grown plants, and shikimate accumulation assays confirmed one kochia population collected in 2007 and eight populations collected in 2010 tolerated three- to eleven-times more glyphosate compared to a known glyphosate-susceptible (GS) population. Furthermore, 40 kochia populations collected in 2012 showed varied response, from slightly elevated tolerance to resistance to 0.84 kg ae ha-1 glyphosate. Further analysis suggested these populations were at different stages of resistance evolution. An online survey revealed that growers increased glyphosate use rate and application frequency, but decreased exclusive use of glyphosate and diversified weed management practices during post- compared to pre-glyphosate confirmation periods. Most survey respondents reported presence of glyphosate-resistant (GR) kochia in at least in few fields, and half reported GR kochia in a majority of fields. Thus, together with the resistance confirmation studies, it is estimated that at least one-third of western Kansas kochia populations have evolved resistance to glyphosate. Nominal differences in absorption and translocation of 14C-glyphosate observed between GS and GR kochia populations likely do not contribute to differential response of these populations to glyphosate. Glyphosate-resistant kochia has become widespread in western Kansas in a short period of time. Use of weed resistance best management practices (BMP) is imperative to sustain the utility of glyphosate in the region.

Orientador: Edivaldo Domingues Velini / Banca: Leandro Tropaldi / Banca: Lucas Perim / Resumo: Devido ao uso frequente do glyphosate na agricultura, o capim-amargoso (Digitaria insularis) tornou-se uma das plantas daninhas mais problemáticas no Brasil, por adquirir resistência a esse herbicida. Biótipos resistentes em estádios iniciais são facilmente controlados por graminicidas, porém em estádio mais avançado o controle é reduzido. O herbicida clethodim é um graminicida com alta eficiência, portanto, verificar o controle de biótipos resistentes ao glyphosate em diferentes estádios, com o uso isolado de clethodim e em mistura com o glyphosate é fundamental para auxiliar no manejo desta invasora. Assim o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho de glyphosate, clethodim e glyphosate + clethodim, em biótipo de D. insularis resistente e suscetível. O ensaio foi realizado em casa de vegetação, inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições e repetido em duas épocas do ano. As aplicações foram realizadas em estádio inicial (15 - 20 cm) e em florescimento. Avaliou-se o controle aos 21 dias e o peso da biomassa seca. Para a mistura dos produtos, foi verificada a interação entre os herbicidas: efeito sinérgico, antagônico ou aditivo. No ensaio com plantas em estádio inicial, avaliou-se a concentração de lipídeos na biomassa seca. De forma geral, a aplicação de clethodim aplicado isoladamente controlou o biótipo resistente em estádio inicial, porém em florescimento a eficácia foi reduzida. A mistura mostrou-se eficiente para controle de biótipo resistente em es... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Due to frequent use of glyphosate in agriculture, sourgrass (Digitaria insularis) has become one of the most problematic weeds in Brazil for purchase resistance to this herbicide. Resistant biotypes in initial stages are easily controlled by graminicides, but in a more advanced stage the control is reduced. The herbicide clethodim is a graminicide with high efficiency, therefore, to check the control of resistant biotypes of glyphosate in different stages, with the isolated use of clethodim and in mixture with the glyphosate is fundamental to assist in the management of this weed. Thus the experiment was aimed at evaluate the action of glyphosate, clethodim and glyphosate + clethodim, in a resistant and susceptible biotype of D. insularis. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, completely randomized, with four replications and repeated at two times of the year. The applications were performed in the initial stage (15 - 20 cm) and flowering. Plants were evaluated at 21 days after application (DAA) and dry biomass weight. For the mixture of products, the interaction between the herbicides was also verified: synergistic, antagonistic or additive effect. In the experiment with plants at the initial stage, was evaluated the lipid concentration in the dry biomass. In general, the application of clethodim applied alone controlled the resistant biotype at the initial stage, but in flowering the efficiency was reduced. The mixture showed to be efficient for control of resistant biotype in initial and flowering stages. Considering the visual evaluations of control, the interaction between glyphosate and clethodim showed synergic effect for intermediate doses and additive for the highest doses considering the initial stage; in flowered plants, with the additive effects predominating for all as doses, the additive effect prevailed for all doses. For dry mass, the mixture had synergistic interaction ... / Mestre

Orientador: Edivaldo Domingues Velini / Coorientador: Stephen Powles / Coorientador: Roberto Busi / Banca: Caio Antonio Carbonari / Banca: Roberto Estevão Bragion de Toledo / Banca: Ramiro Fernando Lopez Ovejero / Banca: Eduardo Negrisoli / Resumo: Se aplicados no estágio e na dose correta, os herbicidas são altamente tóxicos para as plantas. As populações de plantas daninhas suscetíveis a um determinado herbicida são totalmente controladas quando a dose recomendada é corretamente aplicada. No entanto, há uma evolução contínua na sobrevivência e crescimento das plantas em resposta a baixas doses dos herbicidas como resultado da presença de características que podem causar um baixo nível de resistência a estes produtos. Estudos de seleção recorrente podem revelar se a variação fenotípica em resposta a uma dose baixa do herbicida é hereditária e pode conduzir à resistência ao herbicida. Estudos de seleção recorrente de plantas alógamas de Lolium rigidum sobreviventes baixas doses de herbicidas mostraram rápida evolução da resistência a herbicidas em apenas três gerações por intensificação progressiva de características de resistência a herbicidas inicialmente pouco relevantes. Em um estudo de campo, populações autógamas de Avena fatua foram submetidas a um processo de seleção recorrente resultante da aplicação de baixas doses do herbicida diclofop-methyl (inibidor da ACCase) ou o glyphosate (inibidor da EPSPS). As aplicações sucessivas de diclofop-methyl induziram o desenvolvimento de progênies distintas da população original em termos de resistência a este herbicida, com o aumento de duas vezes na LD50. As progênies selecionadas pelo uso de diclofop-methyl também mostraram-se mais resistentes a herbicidas inibidores da ALS indicando sugerindo a ocorrência de resistência cruzada. As aplicações sucessivas de glyphosate não induziram a formação de progênies mais resistentes. A capacidade da A. fatua para responder à pressão de seleção imposta por baixas doses de herbicidas é limitada e muito mais baixa ... / Abstract: Herbicides when applied at the correct stage and dose are highly toxic to plants. Herbicide-susceptible weed populations are completely controlled at the recommended herbicide label dose. However, there is continuous variation in plant survival and growth in response to herbicide low doses (below-label) because specific plant traits can confer some low level resistance. Recurrent (directional) selection studies can reveal whether such a phenotypic variation in response to a herbicide low dose is heritable and can lead to herbicide resistance. Recurrent selection studies with allogamous cross-pollinated Lolium rigidum plants surviving at a low herbicide dose showed rapid evolution of herbicide resistance in three generations by progressive enrichment of minor herbicide resistance traits. In a common experimental garden study, we have subjected to low-dose recurrent selection a susceptible population of autogamous self-pollinated Avena fatua with the ACCase-inhibiting herbicide diclofop-methyl or the EPSPS-inhibiting glyphosate. Significant differences in response to selection between the selected progenies and parents were evident in the lines selected by low-dose diclofop-methyl, whereas glyphosate selection did not results in significant shifts. A two-fold diclofop resistance was quantified by comparison of estimated LD50 values and a significant increase in survival to ALS-inhibiting herbicides suggests cross-resistance. Importantly, the capacity of A. fatua to respond to low-dose herbicide selection is marginal and much lower than in L. rigidum. The dynamics of selection and the factors driving the evolution of resistance to herbicides in plants are discussed with particular emphasis on the implications of low-dose herbicide use weed management of autogamous self-pollinated vs allogamous cross ... / Doutor

Orientador: Caio Antonio Carbonari / Coorientador: Alfredo Junior Paiola Albrecht / Banca: Edivaldo Domingues Velini / Banca: Leandro Paiola Albrecht / Resumo: O gene fosfinotricina acetyltransferase (pat) produz a enzima PAT, que por n-acetilação é capaz de metabolizar o glufosinate, transformando-o em n-acetyl-L-glufosinate (NAG). Assim, plantas transgênicas contendo esse gene resistem às aplicações desse herbicida. No milho, esse gene foi inserido como marcador de seleção e mais estudos precisam ser realizados a fim de validar o uso dessa tecnologia. Nesse contexto, os objetivos do presente trabalho foram avaliar se a expressão do gene pat é proporcional ao nível de resistência de tecnologias de milho à aplicação de glufosinate e avaliar a seletividade de herbicidas em associação ao glufosinate em milho com o gene pat. Durante o primeiro trabalho, foram utilizados híbridos de milho com as tecnologias Herculex®; Agrisure TL®; Herculex Yieldgard®; Leptra®; Viptera 3®; Power Core® com o gene pat e VT PRO® sem o gene pat. Para isso, um experimento foi realizado para avaliar a expressão relativa do gene pat nos híbridos de milho, por meio de PCR em tempo real. Em outro estudo, foram aplicadas doses de glufosinate (0, 500, 1000, 2000 e 4000 g i.a ha-1) sobre os híbridos de milho, no qual foram avaliados os teores de glufosinate e NAG, assim como acúmulo de amônia, taxa de transporte de elétrons (ETR), injúria visual e acúmulo de biomassa. Em campo, foi realizada a aplicação de 500 g i.a ha-1 de glufosinate durante o estádio V4 do milho, e foi avaliado o rendimento de grãos. Um segundo estudo foi realizado a campo, adotando-se a tecnolo... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (pat) gene produces the enzyme PAT, which by n-acetylation is able to metabolize the glufosinate, transforming it into n-acetyl-L-glufosinate (NAG). So transgenic plants containing this gene resist the applications of this herbicide. In corn, this gene was inserted as a selection marker and further studies are needed to be performed to validate this technology use. In this context, the objectives of the present work were to evaluate if the expression of the pat gene is proportional to the resistance level of maize technologies submitted to the application of glufosinate and also to evaluate the selectivity of some others herbicides in association with glufosinate in maize which presents the pat gene. For the first work, the technologies used were: Herculex®; Agrisure TL®; Herculex Yieldgard®; Leptra®; Viptera 3®; Power Core® with the pat gene and VT PRO® without the pat gene. For this, an experiment was carried out to evaluate the relative expression of the pat gene in the technologies by RT- PCR. In another study, glufosinate (0, 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 g a.i ha-1) doses were applied to the technologies, in which the glufosinate and NGA contents, ammonia accumulation, electron transportation rate (ETR), visual injury and biomass accumulation were evaluated. In the field, the spraying of 500 g a.i ha-1 of glufosinate in the V4 stage of maize was carried out in the technologies and grain yield was measured. For the second study the Power Core® technology was adopted, and the experiment was carried out in the field. The treatments were: glufosinate; glyphosate; glufosinate + glyphosate; glufosinate + nicosulfuron; glufosinate + atrazine; glufosinate + tembotrione; glufosinate + mesotrione; glufosinate + carfentrazone ethyl; glufosinate + bentazon; glufosinate + 2,4-D; no-weeding control and weeding control. Evaluations of visual injury, ETR, ammonia ... / Mestre

With the introduction of herbicide resistant Palmer amaranth into Kentucky during the past 10 years there has been an increasing concern for effective control measures in grain production. Field trials were performed in 2016 and 2017 near Barlow and Paris, KY to determine efficacy of chemical control programs targeting herbicide resistant Palmer amaranth. Percent visual control, effects on plant density and plant height were measured in 2016 to determine treatment effectiveness. Treatments containing four different sites of herbicide activity achieved an average of 98% control. Treatments containing only 3, 2 or 1 site of activity only achieved 64%, 45% and 33% control, respectively. Within the long-chain fatty acid inhibitors herbicides in this study, pre-emergent applied pyroxasulfone provided greater control than S-metolachlor or acetochlor. Pyroxasulfone also provided greater control than the photosystem II herbicides atrazine and metribuzin. In 2017 PRE treatments consisting of three-way mixtures of flumioxazin + pyroxasulfone + chlorimuron or S-metolachlor + metribuzin + fomesafen followed by a POST herbicide treatment provided > 90% suppression of Palmer amaranth 4 weeks after trial initiation. Post-emergence treatments containing glyphosate + dicamba or glyphosate + 2,4-D following a soil-applied pre-emergent treatment achieved the most effective season-long control of Palmer amaranth.

Orientador: Caio Antonio Carbonari / Coorientador: Edivaldo Domingues Velini / Banca: Giuseppina Pace Pereira Lima / Banca: Eduardo Negrisoli / Banca: Roberto Estevão Bragion de Toledo / Banca: Ricardo Victoria Filho / Resumo: No Brasil, o azevém (Lolium multiflorum) foi identificado como resistente ao glyphosate se tornando um grande problema em determinadas lavouras. Dessa forma, entender o comportamento a nível bioquímico e fisiológico desta planta daninha são ferramentas que auxiliam num manejo eficiente. Com isso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar o perfil bioquímico e fisiológico de populações de azevém suscetíveis e resistentes ao herbicida glyphosate aplicação do mesmo. Foram realizados quatro estudos em casa-de-vegetação com delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizados com quatro repetições sendo semeadas três populações de azevém (Lolium multiflorum) consideradas como suscetível (S), com suspeita de resistência (R1) e resistente (R2) ao herbicida glyphosate. No primeiro estudo foi obtido o controle aos 21 dias após a aplicação (DAA) e quantificada a massa seca aos 28 DAA das três populações. Os tratamentos foram constituídos da aplicação do herbicida glyphosate composto pelas doses: 0, 135, 270, 540, 1080, 2160, 4320, 8640 g e.a. ha-1. O segundo estudo teve como objetivo determinar a atividade da enzima fenilalanina amônia liase (PAL) nas diferentes populações as 12, 24, 48 e 72 horas após a aplicação (HAA). Os tratamentos foram compostos de duas doses (720 g e.a. ha-1 e 1080 g e.a. ha-1) mais uma testemunha sem aplicação. No terceiro estudo foram realizadas avaliações da fotossíntese nas três populações ao 1, 3, 7 e 28 DAA. As variáveis analisadas foram: taxa de assimilação líquida de CO2, condutância estomática, concentração interna de CO2, transpiração, eficiência do uso da água e eficiência instantânea de carboxilação. Os tratamentos foram compostos de duas doses (720 g e.a. ha-1 e 1080 g e.a. ha-1) mais uma testemunha sem aplicação. O quarto estudo teve o objetivo de quantificar compostos alterados da rota do ácido chiquímico. Para ... / Abstract: In Brazil, ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) was identified as resistant to glyphosate becoming a major problem in certain crops. Thus, understanding the behavior of the biochemical and physiological level of this weed are tools that help in efficient management. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the biochemical and physiological profile of ryegrass populations susceptible and resistant to glyphosate after spray it. Four studies were carried out in greenhouse with experimental design completely randomized with four replications being seeded three populations of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) considered as susceptible (S), suspected of having resistance (R1) and resistant (R2) to the herbicide glyphosate. In the first study was measured the control at 21 days after application (DAA) and at 28 DAA, the dry mass the three populations. The treatments consisted of application of the glyphosate composed of doses: 0, 135, 270, 540, 1080, 2160, 4320, 8640 g a.i. ha-1. The second study aimed to determine the phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity in different populations at 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours after application (HAA). The treatments consisted of two doses (720 g a.i. ha-1 and 1080 g a.i. ha-1) plus a control without application. In the third study were carried out photosynthesis assessments at three populations at 1, 3, 7 and 28 DAA. The variables analyzed were: CO2 net assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, CO2 internal concentration, transpiration, water use efficiency and instantaneous carboxylation efficiency. The treatments consisted of two doses (720 g a.i. ha-1 and 1080 g a.i. ha-1) plus a control without application. The fourth study aimed to quantify altered compounds of the shikimic acid pathway. For this, the same treatments of the first experiment were used and made collections of leaves at 5, 11, 28 DAA. The compounds analyzed were: glyphosate, AMPA (aminomethylphosphonic acid) ... / Doutor

Bibliography: leaves 203-220. / xii, 220 leaves : ill., map ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Crop Protection, 1993

The introduction of glyphosate resistance into Australian cotton systems will have an effect on conventional weed management practices, the weed species present and the risk of glyphosate resistance evolving in weed species. Therefore, it is important that the effects of these management practices, particularly a potential reduction in Integrated Weed Management (IWM) practices, be examined to determine their impact on weed population dynamics and resistance selection. The study began in 2003 with a survey of 40 growers in four major cotton growing regions in Australia to gain an understanding of how adoption of glyphosate resistance had influenced the weed spectrum, weed management practices and herbicide use after three years of glyphosate-resistant cotton being available. The 10 most common weeds reported on cotton fields were the same in glyphosate-resistant and conventional fields. In this survey, herbicide use patterns were altered by the adoption of glyphosate-resistant cotton with up to six times more glyphosate being applied and with 21% fewer growers applying pre-emergence herbicides in glyphosate-resistant cotton fields. Other weed control practices, such as the use of post-emergence herbicides, inter-row cultivation and hand hoeing, were only reduced marginally. A systems experiment was conducted to determine differences in the population dynamics of Echinochloa crus-galli (barnyardgrass) and Urochloa panicoides (liverseed grass) under a range of weed management regimes in a glyphosate-resistant cotton system. These treatments ranged from a full IWM system to a system based soley on the use of glyphosate. The experiment investigated the effect of the treatments on the soil seed bank, weed germination patterns and weed numbers in the field. All applied treatments resulted in commercially acceptable control of the two grass weeds. However, the treatments containing soil-applied residual herbicides proved to be more effective over the period of the experiment. The treatment with a reduced residual herbicide program supplemented with glyphosate had a level of control similar to the full IWM treatments with less input, providing a more economical option. The effectiveness of these treatments in the long-term was examined in a simulation model to determine the likelihood of glyphosate resistance evolving using barnyardgrass and liverseed grass as model weeds. Seed production and above-ground biomass of barnyardgrass and liverseed grass in competition with cotton were measured. In all experiments, seed production and biomass plant⁻¹ decreased as weed density increased while seed production and biomass m⁻¹ tended to increase. Seed production m⁻¹ reached 40,000 and 60,000 for barnyardgrass and liverseed grass, respectively. In 2004-05, weeds were also planted 6 weeks and 12 weeks after the cotton was planted. Biomass and seed production of the two weeds planted 6 weeks after cotton were significantly reduced with seed production declining to 12,000 and 2,500 seeds m⁻¹ row for barnyardgrass and liverseed grass, respectively. Weeds planted 12 weeks after cotton planting failed to emerge. This experiment highlighted the importance of early season weed control and effective management of weeds that are able to produce high seed numbers. A glyphosate dose-mortality experiment was conducted in the field to determine levels of control of barnyardgrass and liverseed grass. Glyphosate provided effective control of both species with over 85% control when the rate applied was greater than 690 g ae ha⁻¹. Dose-mortality curves for both species were obtained for use in the glyphosate resistance model. Data from the experimental work were combined to develop a glyphosate resistance model. Outputs from this model suggest that if glyphosate were used as the only form of weed control, resistance in weeds is likely to eventuate after 12 to 17 years, depending on the characteristics of the weed species, initial resistance gene frequencies and any associated fitness penalties. If glyphosate was used in conjunction with one other weed control method, resistance was delayed but not prevented. The simulations suggested that when a combination of weed control options was employed in addition to glyphosate, resistance would not evolve over the 30-year period of the simulation. These simulations underline the importance of an integrated strategy in weed management to prevent glyphosate resistance evolving from the use of glyphosate-resistant cotton. Current management conditions of growing glyphosate-resistant (Roundup Ready &reg) cotton should therefore prevent glyphosate resistance evolution. / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2006.

Bibliography: leaves 203-220.