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The forty-eight animals that won first, second, third, and fourth places in the twelve regular classes at the 1913 International Live Stock Show are taken as basis for this study. Each and every one of these animals are representative of the highest of Hereford standards. While it is true that these forty-eight animals do not represent the entire breed, they do representt the highest type of Herefords that is being produced in the United States, and for a sire to be rated among the foremost he should be closely related to these leading animals. / Master of Science

Total weaning weight records of 29,832 Angus and 15,765 Hereford calves born during 1953 through 1983 in Virginia were used to evaluate phenotypic and genetic trends for adjusted weaning weight (AWWT), weaning weight ratio (WWR) and deviation of AWWT from the mean AWWT of the contemporaries (DEVN). Two approaches, namely the regression techniques and maximum likelihood (ML) procedure were taken to estimate the above trends. The estimates of annual phenotypic trend for AWWT in the Angus and Hereford breeds were .96 and .82 kg/yr, respectively. The sire and dam genetic trends obtained from both approaches for the traits of interest were positive and significant; however, the estimates from the regression analyses were slightly higher than those- from the ML procedure. The estimates of one-half of the sire genetic trends obtained from ML procedure for WWR and DEVN were .40 ± .04 ratio units/yr and .72 ± .07 kg/yr in the Angus breed and the corresponding values for the Hereford breed were .25 ± .06 ratio units/yr and .45 ± .12 kg/yr. The estimates of one-half of the darn trends for the corresponding traits were .32 ± .02 ratio units/yr and .55 ± .04 kg/yr for Angus and .21 ± .03 ratio units/yr and .30 ± .07 kg/yr for Herefords. The application of adjustment factors (to eliminate the bias due to non-random mating and culling levels) to estimates of sire genetic trends in the regression analyses produced estimates more similar to the estimates obtained from the ML procedure. The average annual genetic trends over the study period from the ML procedure for AWWT were 1.27 kg/yr for Angus and .75 kg/yr for Herefords. / Ph. D.

Ruminant animals consuming low N-diet have been reported to have increased urea reabsorption with the Nguni being categorized as N-recycling ruminant. The enzymes associated with N-cycling are hypothesized to contribute to survival of the Nguni in harsh conditions. Enzymes responsible for such a function needed to be characterized in order to determine their effect in the functioning of the Nguni as opposed to Hereford breed. Crude enzymes from both breeds were separated from most or some contaminants by sephadex G-25, DEAE sephacel, and different affinity column chromatography. CPS and GDH were successfully purified and characterized by LC-MS/MS and further analysed by ProteinPilot™, blasted and matched >95% with those of Bos Taurus. Comparison of characterized enzymes and those which failed to ionise such as ARG, GS and GA was done using kinetics and graphs annotating specific activities. Partial purification and characterization was in part achieved. / Life & Consumer Sciences / M. Sc. (Life Sciences)

Após o ajuste individual das 55 vacas estudadas pelo modelo Gompertz difá- sico com estrutura de erros autorregressiva de ordem 1 (totalizando 7 parâmetros), notou-se que apenas 6 vacas tinham problemas nas estimativas de seus parâmetros (não convergentes ou não signicativos), dessa forma continuou-se o trabalho proposto com 49 animais. Com as estimativas de cada um dos parâmetros (variáveis nessa etapa) foi realizada a análise de componentes principais e observação do gráco biplot, sendo possível a constatação de que 2 dos parâmetros do modelo continham informações ambíguas com pelo menos um dos demais parâmetros e estes foram retirados da análise, restando 5 parâmetros para o estudo. A análise de componentes principais foi realizada novamente apenas com os 5 parâmetros restantes e os três primeiros componentes principais (escolhidos pelo critério da percentagem de variância original explicada) foram utilizados como variáveis em um processo de agrupamento hierárquico. Após a realização da análise de agrupamentos, observou-se que 5 grupos homogêneos de animais foram formados, cada um com caraterísticas distintas. Desta forma, foi possível identicar animais que se destacavam, positiva ou negativamente, no que tange ao seu peso assintótico e taxa de crescimento. / After individual adjustment of the 55 cows studied using the diphasic Gompertz model with autoregressive structure of errors (totalizing 7 parameters), it was noted that only 6 cows had problems on estimates of the parameters (not converged or not signicant), then the proposed work continued with 49 animals. With each of the parameters estimates (variables at this stage) was performed a principal component analysis and observation of the biplot, and it was possible to nd that two of the model parameters contained ambiguous information with at least one of the other parameters, then these 2 parameters were removed from the analysis, leaving 5 parameters for the study. The principal component analysis was performed again with only ve remaining parameters and the rst three principal components (chosen by the criterion of percentage of original explained variance) were used as variables in a process of hierarchical clustering. After performing the cluster analysis, we found that ve homogeneous groups of animals were formed, each with distinct characteristics. Thus, it was possible to identify animals that stood out, positively or negatively, in terms of their asymptotic weight and growth rate.

Após o ajuste individual das 55 vacas estudadas pelo modelo Gompertz difá- sico com estrutura de erros autorregressiva de ordem 1 (totalizando 7 parâmetros), notou-se que apenas 6 vacas tinham problemas nas estimativas de seus parâmetros (não convergentes ou não signicativos), dessa forma continuou-se o trabalho proposto com 49 animais. Com as estimativas de cada um dos parâmetros (variáveis nessa etapa) foi realizada a análise de componentes principais e observação do gráco biplot, sendo possível a constatação de que 2 dos parâmetros do modelo continham informações ambíguas com pelo menos um dos demais parâmetros e estes foram retirados da análise, restando 5 parâmetros para o estudo. A análise de componentes principais foi realizada novamente apenas com os 5 parâmetros restantes e os três primeiros componentes principais (escolhidos pelo critério da percentagem de variância original explicada) foram utilizados como variáveis em um processo de agrupamento hierárquico. Após a realização da análise de agrupamentos, observou-se que 5 grupos homogêneos de animais foram formados, cada um com caraterísticas distintas. Desta forma, foi possível identicar animais que se destacavam, positiva ou negativamente, no que tange ao seu peso assintótico e taxa de crescimento. / After individual adjustment of the 55 cows studied using the diphasic Gompertz model with autoregressive structure of errors (totalizing 7 parameters), it was noted that only 6 cows had problems on estimates of the parameters (not converged or not signicant), then the proposed work continued with 49 animals. With each of the parameters estimates (variables at this stage) was performed a principal component analysis and observation of the biplot, and it was possible to nd that two of the model parameters contained ambiguous information with at least one of the other parameters, then these 2 parameters were removed from the analysis, leaving 5 parameters for the study. The principal component analysis was performed again with only ve remaining parameters and the rst three principal components (chosen by the criterion of percentage of original explained variance) were used as variables in a process of hierarchical clustering. After performing the cluster analysis, we found that ve homogeneous groups of animals were formed, each with distinct characteristics. Thus, it was possible to identify animals that stood out, positively or negatively, in terms of their asymptotic weight and growth rate.

Ruminant animals consuming low N-diet have been reported to have increased urea reabsorption with the Nguni being categorized as N-recycling ruminant. The enzymes associated with N-cycling are hypothesized to contribute to survival of the Nguni in harsh conditions. Enzymes responsible for such a function needed to be characterized in order to determine their effect in the functioning of the Nguni as opposed to Hereford breed. Crude enzymes from both breeds were separated from most or some contaminants by sephadex G-25, DEAE sephacel, and different affinity column chromatography. CPS and GDH were successfully purified and characterized by LC-MS/MS and further analysed by ProteinPilot™, blasted and matched >95% with those of Bos Taurus. Comparison of characterized enzymes and those which failed to ionise such as ARG, GS and GA was done using kinetics and graphs annotating specific activities. Partial purification and characterization was in part achieved. / Life and Consumer Sciences / M. Sc. (Life Sciences)