Orientador: Andre Luis Berteli Ambrosio / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T09:42:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ferreira_AmandaPetrinaScota_M.pdf: 7075906 bytes, checksum: dc88421f87edfec92e182544a61950dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A produção de energia em células cancerosas é anormalmente dependente da glicólise aeróbica, resultando em aumento do consumo de glutamina para suprir os processos anabólicos. A hidrólise da glutamina é feita pelas glutaminases, as quais possuem três isoformas identificadas em mamíferos: Kidney-type glutaminase (KGA), Glutaminase C (GAC), e a Liver-type Glutaminase (LGA). Apesar das isoformas KGA e GAC serem idênticas em seu domínio catalítico, ambas apresentam distintas eficiências catalíticas para glutamina. Este projeto tem como objetivo encontrar a razão para esta diferença catalítica, estudando estruturalmente estas isoformas. A estrutura cristalográfica da GAC continha uma unidade assimétrica tetramérica, e como passo essencial para a acessibilidade do substrato glutamina essa tetramerização possivelmente estabiliza um "gating loop" em conformação aberta. Mutações sítio-dirigidas de resíduos do "gating loop" (L321RFNKL326) perturbaram a atividade da enzima, o que se correlacionou diretamente com a capacidade de oligomerização: mutantes que perderam atividade não foram capazes de formar oligômeros maiores que tetrâmero. Por imagens de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, utilizando negative staining, vimos que a GAC forma estruturas filamentosas na presença de fosfato. Curiosamente, um mutante da região do gating loop, denominado GAC.K325A, apresentou uma eficiência catalítica alta e foi capaz de formar oligômeros extensos. Além disso, o mutante é insensível a fosfato e ao BPTES. O mutante GAC.R322A perdeu a atividade e não foi capaz de formar polímeros nem mesmo na presença de ativador fosfato. Portanto, a capacidade de oligomerizar das glutaminase justifica a atividade apresentada pela proteína: a GAC ¿ a glutaminase de maior atividade ¿ formou os maiores polímeros lineares, seguida pela KGA e, respectivamente, pela LGA (de baixa eficiência enzimática e insensível ao fosfato inorgânico). Além disso, mostramos que o mecanismo de inibição do BPTES é explicado pelo rompimento dos oligômeros. Apresentamos um mecanismo para a formação destes oligômeros, através da combinação de deleções, mutações pontuais, microscopia eletrônica, dinâmica e docking molecular. Nós simulamos a acetilação da Lis311 e sugerimos que esta modificação pós-traducional pode controlar níveis enzimáticos ao regular negativamente a formação de fibra. Por marcação com fluoróforo, determinamos constantes de dissociação aparentes para as espécies oligoméricas das isoformas GAC e KGA. Como a marcação interferiu na atividade enzimática, acreditamos que a técnica criou artefatos impróprios para percepção de interação diferencial entre superestruturas dessas isoformas. Células MDA-MB 231 com expressão endógena e knocked down de GAC foram utilizadas em ensaios celulares. Transfecções com GAC.K325A-V5 proliferaram mais, consumiram mais glutamina do meio de cultura e apresentaram maior turnover na medição de atividade de glutaminase. Coletivamente, estes indícios de que a formação de superestrutura de glutaminases in vivo propicia vantagens adaptativas às células tumorais mostram a importância da enzima como alvo terapêutico / Abstract: The energy production in cancer cells is abnormally dependent on aerobic glycolysis, resulting in increased consumption of glutamine to supply anabolic processes. The hydrolysis of glutamine is made by glutaminases, which have three isoforms identified in mammals: Kidney-type glutaminase (KGA), Glutaminase C (GAC) and the Liver-type Glutaminase (LGA). Although isoforms of KGA and GAC are identical in their catalytic domain, both have distinct catalytic efficiencies for glutamine. This project aims to find the reason for this difference catalytic, structurally studying these isoforms. The asymmetric unit of the crystallographic structure of GAC is composed by a tetramer, and this tetramerization is essential step for accessibility of the substrate glutamine, possibly stabilizing a "gating loop" in an open conformation. Site-directed mutations of residues from the "gating loop" (L321RFNKL326) disrupted the enzyme activity, which correlated directly with the ability of oligomerization: mutant which had lost activity were unable to form higher oligomers than tetramer. By transmission electron microscopy images using negative staining, we saw that the GAC forms filamentous structures in the presence of phosphate. Interestingly, a mutant in the region of the gating loop, called GAC.K325A, showed a very high catalytic efficiency and was able to form large oligomers. Furthermore, this mutant is insensitive to phosphate and BPTES. The mutant GAC.R322A lost activity and was unable to form polymers even in the presence of phosphate activator. Therefore, the oligomerization ability justifies the glutaminase activity exhibited by the protein: GAC - the higher glutaminase activity - formed the largest linear polymers, followed by KGA and, respectively, by LGA (low enzymatic efficiency and insensitive to inorganic phosphate). Furthermore, we showed the mechanism of BPTES inhibition is explained by disruption of oligomers. We present a mechanism for the formation of these oligomers, through a combination of deletions, point mutations, electron microscopy, molecular dynamics and docking. We simulated the acetylation of Lys311, and we found that this post-translational modification can maybe control enzymatic levels by down regulate the fiber formation. Using fluorescent labeling, we were able to define apparent dissociation constants of GAC and KGA isoforms. As the label interfered in the enzymatic activity, we believe that the technique produced artifacts unsuitable for the perception of differential interaction between isoform¿s superstructures. MDA-MB 231 cells with endogenous expression and knocked down GAC were used in cellular assays. Transfections with GAC.K325A-V5 proliferated more, consumed more glutamine from the culture medium and had higher turnover in glutaminase activity measurements. Collectively, these are evidence that the formation of superstructure glutaminases in vivo provides adaptive advantages to tumor cells and shows the importance of the enzyme as a therapeutic target / Mestrado / Fármacos, Medicamentos e Insumos para Saúde / Mestra em Ciências

No description available.

Orientador: Sandra Martha Gomes Dias / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T00:13:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gomes_EmersonRodrigoMachi_M.pdf: 4424058 bytes, checksum: 4547741a163b53b4836c32f103096cd3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Células tumorais apresentam uma autonomia metabólica aumentada em comparação a células não-transformadas, incorporando nutrientes e metabolizando-os através de vias que suportam o seu crescimento e proliferação. O foco deste trabalho foi a enzima glutaminase, a qual processa glutamina em glutamato para posterior produção de alfa-cetoglutarato pela enzima glutamato desidrogenase, reabastecendo o ciclo do TCA e suportando seu funcionamento e geração de metabólitos essenciais para a síntese de macromoléculas. O gene GLS1 codifica para as isoformas glutaminase kidney-type (KGA) e glutaminase C (GAC). Estas proteínas apresentam outros domínios além do catalítico, e, no caso da KGA, repetições do tipo ankirin, sabidamente envolvidas em contatos proteínas-proteínas. Os objetivos deste projeto foram de encontrar parceiros de interação para a glutaminase kidney-type (KGA) e avaliar o impacto desta interação para o metabolismo tumoral. Um candidato inicialmente avaliado, a Aldolase A, não foi confirmado como parceiro de interação. Outro candidato, a BNIP-H, apesar de ter sido mostrado interagir com a KGA em células nervosas, não mostrou indícios de interação com a KGA em linhagem de células de câncer de mama. Por fim, estudos de duplo-híbrido em levedura revelaram o receptor nuclear PPAR? (Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma) como forte candidato a parceiro de interação. Realizou-se um mapeamento dos domínios responsáveis pela interação entre estas duas proteínas, também por duplo híbrido, tendo sido identificado o domínio LBD da proteína PPAR? como envolvido na interação. Mesmo estudos realizados com fragmento da KGA, apesar de incompletos, mostraram que a interação não ocorre pelo domínio carboxi-terminal da enzima. Ensaios de anisotropia de fluorescência com as proteínas KGA e PPAR? purificadas indicaram que a interação é favorecida pela presença do produto da reação glutaminolítica, glutamato, e apresenta um Kd de 4,6 ± 0,5 ?M. Microscopia confocal de imunofluorescência mostrou que ambas as proteínas se co-localizam no citoplasma, mas não no núcleo. Mais se verificou que em células HEK 293T a presença de KGA diminui a capacidade de transativação de PPAR? induzida pelo ativador roziglitazona, enquanto que celular PC3 com superexpressão de KGA apresentam níveis diminuídos de expressão da proteína ACADL, alvo do PPAR?. Da mesma maneira, ensaios in vitro de atividade da KGA mostraram que a presença de PPAR? inibe a atividade da glutaminase. Nossos resultados mostram a interação in vitro entre as proteínas KGA-PPAR? e a potencial influência funcional que uma proteína exerce sobre a outra. Dado a participação de ambas as proteínas no processo tumoral, especula-se que esta interação possa ter impacto no desenvolvimento do câncer / Abstract: Tumor cells have an increased metabolic autonomy compared to non-transformed cells, metabolizing nutrients and incorporating them through pathways that support cell growth and proliferation. The focus of this study was the glutaminase enzyme, which processes glutamine to glutamate for subsequent production of alpha-ketoglutarate, by the glutamate dehydrogenase enzyme, replenishing TCA cycle and bearing its function and the generation of metabolites essential for the synthesis of macromolecules. The gene GLS1 codes for the isoforms kidney-type glutaminase (KGA) and glutaminase C (GAC). These proteins exhibit other domains besides the catalytic, and in the case of KGA, ankirin repeats, known to be involved in protein-protein contacts. The goal of this project was to investigate potential interacting partners of KGA and contextualize the interaction within the metabolic demands of tumor cells. A candidate initially evaluated, the Aldolase A, was not confirmed as a partner of interaction. Another candidate, the BNIP-H, despite having been shown to interact with the KGA in nervous cells, showed no evidence of interaction with KGA in one tested breast cancer cell lines. Finally, yeast two-hybrid studies revealed the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR?) as a strong interaction partner candidate. We mapped the domains responsible for the interaction between these two proteins, also by two-hybrid and identified the LBD domain of PPAR? as involved in the interaction. The same studies with KGA fragments, although incomplete, showed that the interaction did not involve the carboxy-terminal domain of the enzyme. KGA and PPAR? proteins were expressed in E. coli, purified and their interaction was analyzed by pull-down, fluorescence anisotropy, electrophoresis under native conditions, gel filtration chromatography and crosslinking. The assays indicated that the interaction is favored by the presence of the reaction product glutamate and has a Kd of 4,6 ± 0,5 ?M and disfavored by phosphate. Immunogold labeling followed by transmission electron microscopy of SKBR3 cells revealed a curious nuclear staining pattern probably heterochromatic of KGA. Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy showed that both proteins co-localize in the cytoplasm but not in the nucleus. Moreover, it was found that in HEK 293T cells, the presence of KGA decreases PPAR? ability of inducing transactivation of a reporter gene, while PC3 cell overexpressing KGA have low levels of protein expression ACADL target this receptor. Likewise, activity in vitro assays in the presence of KGA showed that PPAR? receptor inhibits the glutaminase activity. Our results demonstrate the in vitro interaction between proteins KGA-PPAR? and the potential functional influence that these proteins exerts on each other. Given the involvement of both proteins in the tumor growth, it is speculated that this interaction may have impact on the development of cancer / Mestrado / Clinica Medica / Mestre em Ciências

Brucella est l'agent causal de la brucellose, une zoonose bactérienne répandue à l'échelle mondiale. Durant les dernières années, de nouvelles souches et espèces de Brucella (dont Brucella microti) ont été isolées de l’environnement et d’animaux sauvages. Ces souches, phylogénétiquement anciennes, sont plus acido-résistantes que les espèces classiques, plus récentes et inféodées aux animaux domestiques et à l’homme. Chez Escherichia coli, le système glutamate décarboxylase (GAD) et le système glutaminase (AR2_Q), basés respectivement sur la décarboxylation du glutamate et la déamination de la glutamine, sont les systèmes d’acido-résistance (AR) les plus efficaces. Notre équipe a démontré que le système GAD (GadB et GadC) est fonctionnel seulement dans les nouvelles souches et espèces de Brucella, et participe à la réussite de l’infection des souris par voie orale. Dans cette thèse, le rôle de nouveaux facteurs et les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans l’acido-résistance ont été explorés. Premièrement, nous avons montré que GlsA et GadC sont les deux protéines structurales du système AR2_Q qui, avec le système GAD, joue un rôle essentiel dans l’AR de ces nouvelles souches. De plus, chez ces mêmes souches, le système uréase intervient également dans la survie en milieu acide.Nos résultats suggèrent que les systèmes GAD, AR2_Q et uréase, en fonction de la disponibilité des substrats, pourraient contribuer à améliorer l’adaptation des nouvelles espèces dans les environnements acides naturels et/ou dans le tractus gastro-intestinal de leurs hôtes. / Brucella is the etiological agent of brucellosis, a worldwide bacterial zoonosis. In the last ten years, new and atypical strains of Brucella (among which Brucella microti) were isolated from the environment and wild hosts. These strains, of ancient origin, are considered more environmental and acid resistant than classical Brucella species, which are mostly pathogenic for livestock and humans. In Escherichia coli, the glutamate decarboxylase (GAD)-dependent system and the glutaminase (AR2_Q) system, based on the decarboxylation of glutamate and on the deamination of glutamine, respectively, are most efficient in conferring acid resistance (AR). Our team has previously demonstrated that in Brucella the GAD system (GadB and GadC) is functional only in new/atypical strains and contributes to murine infection by oral route. In this thesis, novel molecular mechanisms and factors involved in specific AR of new/atypical Brucella species were explored. Firstly, we have shown that in these strains, GlsA and GadC are the two structural proteins of the AR2_Q system, which, in concert with the GAD system, plays an essential role in AR. In addition, the functionality and role of the urease system in AR was also demonstrated in these strains.Our results suggest that the GAD, AR2_Q and urease systems may participate in a better adaptation of new Brucella species to certain natural acidic habitats and/or to the gastrointestinal tract of their hosts, depending on substrate availability.

Les cellules cancéreuses utilisent une glycolyse anaérobie pour générer l'ATP au lieu de la phosphorylation oxydative. Cette spécificité métabolique offre certains avantages aux cellules cancéreuses: une prolifération rapide et une évasion immune qui implique la sous-régulation de l'expression du CMH-I à la surface des cellules, phénomène lié au changement métabolique. Dans nos expériences, nous forçons les cellules leucémiques à produire de l'énergie par phosphorylation oxydative en les incubant avec de la glutamine comme source d'énergie en absence de glucose. La respiration ainsi forcée induit une augmentation de la transcription et de l'expression du CMH-I. Ce changement de métabolisme induit aussi une augmentation de l'expression de MAPK ERK5 et son accumulation dans les mitochondries. ERK5 intervient dans les changements de l'expression du CMH-I et du métabolisme. La sur-régulation du CMH-I induite par la respiration est bloquée dans les cellules leucémiques exprimant le shRNA shERK5. ERK5 régule la transcription de l'histone désacétylase de classe III Sirtuin 1 par l'activation de sa cible MEF2, ayant pour conséquence la liaison de MEF2 au promoteur de SIRT1. La régulation transcriptionnelle de SIRT1 induite par ERK5 intervient dans la réponse antioxydante des cellules leucémiques, et la sous-régulation d'ERK5 affecte cette réponse antioxydante. L'augmentation du métabolisme de la glutamine observée dans les cellules leucémiques est initiée par la glutaminase (GLS), enzyme qui est le facteur limitant de la vitesse du métabolisme de la glutamine. miR-23a cible l'ARN messager de GLS et inhibe l'expression de GLS. Le milieu glutamine induit la translocation de p65 dans le noyau, qui mène à une augmentation de l'activité transcriptionnelle de p65. NF-KB p65 inhibe l'expression de miR-23a en amenant HDAC4 sur le promoteur de miR-23a. Cela permet aux cellules leucémiques d'augmenter l'utilisation de la glutamine en tant que source alternative de carbone. Ainsi, la respiration forcée dans les cellules leucémiques contrôle l'expression du CMH-I, la réponse antioxydante et facilite la prolifération tumorale. / Cancer cells have anaerobic-like glycolysis to generate ATPs instead of oxidative phosphorylation. This specific metabolism provides advantages to cancer cells: rapid growth and immune evasion, which involves downregulation of MHC-I at the cell surface and it is linked to metabolic change. In our experiments, we force leukemic cells to produce energy by oxidative phosphorylation by incubating them with glutamine as an energy source in the absence of glucose. The forced respiration increases MHC-I transcription and protein level. This change of metabolism also leads to increase MAPK ERK5 expression and accumulation in mitochondria. ERK5 mediates changes in both MHC-I and metabolism. The respiration-induced upregulation of MHC-I is blocked in leukemic cells stably expressing short hairpin ERK5 (shERK5). ERK5 transcriptionally regulates the class III histone deacetylase Sirtuin 1 through activation of its target MEF2 and subsequently MEF2 binding to SIRT1 promoter. The ERK5-induced transcriptional regulation of SIRT1 mediates the antioxidant response in leukemic cells and downregulation of ERK5 impairs the antioxidant response. The increased glutamine metabolism found in leukemic cells is initiated by glutaminase (GLS), a rate limiting enzyme for glutamine metabolism. miR-23a targets GLS mRNA and inhibits GLS expression. The glutamine medium induces p65 translocation to the nucleus that leads to increase p65 transcriptional activity. NF-KB p65 inhibits miR-23a expression by bringing HDAC4 to the miR-23a promoter. This allows leukemic cells to increase the use of glutamine as an alternative source of carbon. Thus, forcing respiration in leukemic cells controls MHC-I expression, antioxidant response and facilitate tumor growth.

Orientadores: Sandra Martha Gomes Dias, Marília Meira Dias / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T09:41:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ascencao_CarollineFernandaRodrigues_M.pdf: 4713312 bytes, checksum: b65183d96535d66661af745a562f2d58 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A proliferação celular comanda os processos de embriogênese e de crescimento do organismo, sendo essencial para a correta função de vários tecidos adultos. Apesar de ser importante para a homeostase do organismo, a sua desregulação compõe a força motriz do desenvolvimento tumoral. Somente nos últimos vinte anos começou a ser evidenciada a relação entre as vias de tradução de sinais estimuladas por fatores de crescimento e a reorganização da atividade metabólica, a qual precisa priorizar a biossíntese e o aumento da biomassa, processos essenciais para a divisão celular. Em células tumorais, o consumo de glutamina é aumentando concomitante ao aumento da atividade de glutaminase. Três isoenzimas de glutaminase são expressas na maioria dos tecidos (liver-type glutaminase, kidney-type glutaminase e glutaminase C), todavia pouco se sabe sobre a necessidade específica de cada uma delas para o metabolismo tumoral. Vários artigos recentes têm definido o papel da glutaminólise, ou metabolismo da glutamina e seus subprodutos, na ativação da mTOR. Neste sentido é uma hipótese válida imaginar que mTOR possa contra-regular glutaminase. Desta maneira, resolvemos investigar se mTOR atua na regulação da atividade de glutaminase. Para tanto, realizamos knockdown estável de PTEN em células MDA-MB 231 e verificamos que não o mesmo afetou os níveis protéicos de GAC e KGA, assim como não houve mudança na localização subcelular das isoformas. Cinética enzimática da fração mitocondrial desta linhagem revelou que o knockdown de PTEN levou à uma diminuição do KM da enzima sem alteração de Vmax. De acordo, o tratamento com rapamicina, inibidor da mTOR, elevou o KM para os níveis detectados nas células controles. A atividade de glutaminase de lisado total de MDA-MB 231, NIH 3T3, IMR90 e BJ5TA foi afetada pelo tratamento com rapamicina conforme julgado por ensaios de dose e tempo resposta. Mais, ensaios de privação de glicose, glutamina e de fatores de crescimento levaram à inibição de mTOR e concomitante redução da atividade de glutaminase. Somado a isso, o knockdown estável de TSC2 em MDA-MB 231 e BJ5TA, assim como o knockout de TSC2 em MEF, promoveu superestimulação de mTOR e foi capaz de aumentar a atividade de glutaminase. Dosagem de atividade de glutaminase de células MDA-MB 231 com knockdown de GAC, KGA ou GAC/KGA tratadas com rapamicina indicaram que mTOR possa agir em ambas as isoformas. Curioso foi que apenas células shGAC e shGAC/KGA apresentaram redução da fosforilação de S6K em Thr389 indicando que GAC ou o metabolismo de glutamina via esta isoforma, possa contra-regular mTOR. Em adição, na comparação entre PC3 e DU145, verificamos que DU145 apresentou maior expressão de GAC, maior consumo de glutamina, maior dependência de glutamina em seu crescimento, maior sensibilidade ao inibidor de glutaminase, BPTES, e por fim, se mostrou mais responsiva à metformina, ativador indireto de AMPK. A ativação de AMPK por metformina, um conhecido sensor de estresse energético, mostrou diminuir a atividade de glutaminase em célula de tumor de próstata, DU145, indicando uma potencial ação de AMPK na atividade de glutaminase / Abstract: Cell proliferation is crucial for embryogenesis and organism growth, being also essential for the proper function of several adult tissues. Although important for the homeostasis of the organism, its deregulation composes the driving force of tumor development. In the past twenty years the relationship between the processes of signal translation stimulated by growth factors and the reorganization of metabolic activity has become more evident. Growing cells need to prioritize the biosynthesis and biomass increase, processes essential for cell division. In tumor cells, the glutamine consumption is increased concurrently with the increasing in the glutaminase activity. Three glutaminase isoenzymes are expressed in most tissues (liver- type glutaminase, kidney -type glutaminase and glutaminase C), but not much is known about the necessity of each isoform for the tumor metabolism. Several recent papers have defined the role of glutaminolysis or glutamine metabolism in mTOR activation. So it is a valid hypothesis to speculate that mTOR can counter-regulate glutaminase. Thus, we decided to investigate whether mTOR can control glutaminase activity. To this end, we have made MDA - MB 231 cells stably knocked down for PTEN and verified no alteration in KGA and GAC protein levels, as well as there was no change on their subcellular location. Enzyme kinetics of the MDA-MB 231 mitochondrial fraction revealed that PTEN knockdown led to a decrease in the KM of the enzyme without changing Vmax. Accordingly, the treatment with rapamycin (mTOR inhibitor), led to an increase in KM back to the level detected in control cells. The glutaminase activity of MDA - MB 231, NIH 3T3, IMR90 and BJ5TA total cellular lysates was also affected by rapamycin treatment in a dose- and time-response fashion. Moreover, glucose, glutamine and growth factors deprivation promoted mTOR inhibition and concomitant reduction on glutaminase activity. Glutaminase activity of MDA-MB 231 cells knocked down for GAC, KGA or GAC/KGA and treated with rapamycin indicated that mTOR can regulate both isoforms. Curiously, it was only on GAC or GAC/KGA knocked down cells that we observed a decrease in S6K Thr 389 phosphorylation, which could indicate that GAC or the GAC dependent-glutamine metabolism is a specific mTOR counter-regulator. Accordling, stable TSC2 knockdown in MDA-MB 231 and BJ5TA, as well as TCS2 knockout in MEF cells, promoted overstimulation of mTOR and increasing on glutaminase activity. Moreover, a comparison between PC3 and DU145 revealed that DU145 has higher GAC expression, greater consumption of glutamine, is more dependent on glutamine for its growth, more sensitive to the inhibitor of glutaminase, BPTES, and more responsive to metformin, an indirect AMPK activator. The activation of AMPK by metformin, a known energy stress sensor, led to a decreased glutaminase activity in the prostate tumor cell line DU145 indicating a potential role of AMPK on glutaminase activity / Mestrado / Genetica Animal e Evolução / Mestra em Genética e Biologia Molecular

An efficient and simple purification procedure for cow brain glutaminase (L- glutamine amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.2) is described. The main steps consisted of acetone extraction and French press treatment in the presence of phosphate ions, precipitation of nucleic acids and lipids by 0.08 % protamine·S04 and high speed centrifugation (300,000xg), ammonium sulfate fractionation, and gel filtration on Sepharose 4B first as the low molecular weight and then as the aggregated form. The yield was 22% and the final preparation had a specific activity of 142 μmoles/min/mg. The purification was more than 8000-fold over crude brain homogenate. The enzyme showed one strong and one diffuse band on SDS gel electrophoresis, suggesting that the enzyme was highly purified. Phosphate activated cow brain glutaminase with a sigmoidal concentration dependence. The activation was time dependent, a function of the pretreatment, and was enhanced by high concentrations of protein. The molecular weight of cow brain glutaminase also depended on the nature of the buffer in which it is dissolved. Gel filtration on Sepharose 4B was used to determine the molecular weight. Three forms of glutaminase were observed, one each in tris/acetate, phosphate, and borate/ phosphate buffer. These were interconvertible and have molecular weights of 170,000, 300,000, and >10^6 respectively. It appeared that activation of cow brain glutaminase by phosphate was due to formation of dimers or higher molecular weight polymers.

A simple, quick, and sensitive radiometric assay for glutaminase has been established. This assay uses L-(U-14C)-glutamine as the substrate and measures the 14co2 produced when the reaction is coupled to glutamate decarboxylase. An efficient purification procedure for cow brain glutaminase has also been developed; the yield is 12%. Steps include acetone extraction, ammonium sulfate fractionation, calcium phosphate gel treatment, and differential gel filtration on Sepharose 4B. The final preparation has a specific activity of 385 Mmole/min/mg and shows a single protein band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate; this band corresponds to a subunit molecular weight of 82,000. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis studies did not reveal any impurities; the enzyme activity coincided with the protein staining. This enzyme is stable between pH 7.5 and 9.2 and has maximal activity around 8.8. The activity of glutaminase appears to be independent of the nature of the buffer with which it was equilibrated before it was assayed. The enzyme absolutely requires phosphate for activity; the dependence is sigmoidal and has a Hill coefficient of 2.2. The phosphate concentration that gives half maximal velocity is 50 mM. At 0.2 M potassium phosphate (pH 8.8), the dependence of activity on glutamine is hyperbolic; the observed Kgln is 17 mM. Neither amnonium ion (0.1 M) nor citrate, succinate, or glutarate (57 mM) inhibit the enzyme activity. Glutamate inhibits competitively with respect to glutamine. Phosphate affects both Kgln and Kglu the same way. A radioactivity exchange study was not able to detect incorporation of 14C-glutamate into 14 c-glutamine. The results are consistent with a model in which ammonia is released irreversibly from the enzyme-substrate complex and is the first product to be released.

No description available.

O metabolismo da glutamina (Gln) é alvo de atenções recentes para a compreensão da reprogramação metabólica para o suprimento energético das células tumorais em proliferação e para o desenvolvimento de novas estratégias terapêuticas em câncer. Tanto a absorção de glutamina quanto a taxa de glutaminólise, o catabolismo da Gln para gerar adenosina trifosfato (ATP) e lactato na mitocôndria estão aumentados em diferentes tumores. A Gln e glicose participam do processo da proliferação de células tumorais tanto na produção de (ATP) como no fornecimento de produtos intermediários utilizados na síntese de macromoléculas e Gln é utilizado para anaplerose do ciclo do ácido tricarboxílico. Nesse estudo, nosso objetivo foi analisar a expressão dos genes envolvidos na glutaminólise: ASCT2, LAT1, GLS, GLSISO1, GLSISO2, GLS2, GOT1, GOT2, GLUD1 e GPT2 em astrocitomas de diferentes graus de malignidade (AGI-AGIV), classificados de acordo com a Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS), em relação às expressões em tecidos cerebrais não neoplásicos e correlacionar os níveis de expressão destes genes aos dados clínicos. PCR quantitativo em tempo real (qRT-PCR) foi realizado em 175 amostras, sendo 22 dentre estes de tecidos não neoplásicos. Observou-se tempo de sobrevida menor entre os pacientes com hiperexpressão de LAT1, na presença de hipoexpressão de ASCT2. A expressão de GLS foi comparativamente maior que a expressão de GLS2 entre os astrocitomas de diferentes graus de malignidade, corroborando descrições prévias de que GLS relaciona-se à proliferação tumoral e GLS2 à supressão do crescimento tumoral. Observou-se, adicionalmente, o aumento da associação das expressões destes genes conforme o aumento do grau de malignidade, culminando em GBM, onde estas correlações foram estatisticamente significativas. Apesar da demonstração da ativação gradativa desta via da glutaminólise com o aumento da malignidade, a hiperexpressão dos genes relacionados a esta via mostrou-se hiperexpressa em apenas um subgrupo de pacientes com GBM. Esta observação ressalta a heterogeneidade observada em GBM e a elegibilidade restrita deste subgrupo a eventuais estratégias terapêuticas que forem desenvolvidas com alvos nesta via / The metabolism of glutamine (Gln) is the target of recent attentions to understand the metabolic reprogramming of cancer cell for the energetic needs for cell proliferation, and to develop new cancer therapeutic strategies. Glutamine absortion and glutamine conversion to ATP and lactate in the mitochondria through glutaminolysis are both increased in different cancer types. Gln and glucose participate in metabolic pathways which provide ATP and intermediate substrats for synthesis of macromolecules, and Gln is used for anaplesoris of tricyclic acid cycle. The aims of the present study were to analyze the differential mRNA expressions of genes involved in the glutaminolysis pathways: ASCT2, LAT1, GLS, GLSISO1, GLSISO2, GLS2, GOT1, GOT2, GLUD1 e GPT2 in astrocytomas of different grades of malignancy (WHO grades I to IV) compared to non-neoplastic brain tissues, and to correlate these expression data to clinical outcome. Shorter overall survival time was observed among a subset of GBM patients presenting hyperexpression of LAT1 while ASCT2 was hypoexpressed. GLS expression was comparatively higher than GLS2 expression among astrocytomas of different grades of malignancy, which corrobates previous reports relating GLS to tumor proliferation and GLS2 to suppression of tumor growth. Additionally, increased gene expression correlation was observed in parallel to the increase of malignancy, and these associated expressions were significant among GBM. Although a stepwise increase of the glutaminolysis pathway was demonstrated with the increase of malignancy in astrocytomas, the hyperexpression of genes involved in this pathway were detected only in a subset of GBM patients. This finding confirm the heterogeneity observed among GBM, and highlights the fact that any therapeutic strategy aiming this pathway will be restricted to a subset of GBM patients