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Uncovering novel genetic etiologies of childhood herpes simplex encephalitis : hypothesis-based candidate gene approachHerman, Melina 06 December 2012 (has links) (PDF)
L'encéphalite herpétique (EH), causée par l'herpès simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), peut résulter de défauts monogéniques de l'immunité médiée par TLR3. L'induction d'interférons (IFNs)-α/β ou -λ via TLR3 est cruciale à la protection après infection primaire avec HSV-1 dans le système nerveux central (SNC). Nous décrivons deux enfants avec l'EH portant différentes mutations hétérozygotes (D50A et G159A) dans TBK1, encodant TANK-Binding Kinase 1, une kinase aux carrefours de multiples voies de signalisation induisant des IFNs. Les deux allèles mutants de TBK1 sont perte-de-fonction par des mécanismes différents: instabilité de la protéine (D50A) ou perte d'activité kinase (G159A). Ces allèles sont associés à un trait autosomal dominant (AD) par des mécanismes différents: haplotype-insuffisance (D50A) ou dominance négative (G159A). Un défaut de réponses à poly(I:C) par TLR3 est observable dans les fibroblastes hétérozygotes pour G159A, et non pour D50A TBK1. Néanmoins, la réplication virale et la mortalité cellulaire après infection par deux virus dépendants de TLR3 (HSV-1 et VSV) étaient élevées dans les fibroblastes des deux patients. Ces phénotypes peuvent être sauvés par IFN-α2b. De plus, la production d'IFNs en réponse à des agonistes et virus indépendants de TLR3 est maintenue dans les PBMCs et fibroblastes des patients. Le phénotype cellulaire restreint, partiel représente ainsi le phénotype clinique de ces patients, limité à l'EH. Ces données identifient la déficience partielle AD de TBK1 comme une nouvelle étiologie génétique de l'EH de l'enfance, et indiquent que TBK1 est essentiel pour le contrôle de HSV-1 dans le SNC, médié par TLR3 et dépendant des IFNs
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Herpesvirus Infection and Immunity in Neurocognitive DisordersWestman, Gabriel January 2015 (has links)
Herpesviruses have co-speciated with several vertebrate and invertebrate animals throughout the history of evolution. In the immunocompetent human host, primary infection is usually benign, whereafter the virus is brought into life-long latency. Viral reactivation can however cause severe disease in immunocompromised, and rarely also in immunocompetent, patients. The overall aim of this thesis was to study the immunologic effects of cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) infection in neurocognitive disorders. CMV is known to promote T-cell differentiation towards a more effector-oriented phenotype, similar to what is seen in the elderly. We have addressed the frequency of CMV-specific CD8+ T-cells in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Furthermore, we have investigated whether AD patients present with a different CMV-specific immune profile, overall CD8 phenotype or inflammatory cytokine response to anti-CD3/CD28 beads, CMV pp65 and amyloid beta. Subjects with AD presented with a lower proportion of CMV-specific CD8+ T-cells compared to non-demented (ND) controls, but no differences in overall CD8 differentiation were seen. Overall, AD subjects presented with a more pro-inflammatory peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) phenotype. When PBMCs were challenged with CD3/CD28-stimulation, CMV seropositive AD subjects presented with more IFN-γ release than both CMV seronegative AD subjects and CMV seropositive ND controls. For effective screening of humoral herpesvirus immunity, both in research and in clinical practice, efficient immunoassays are needed. We have addressed the methodology of multiplex herpesvirus immunoassays and related bioinformatics and investigated antibody levels in AD patients and ND controls. Subjects with AD presented with lower levels of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) IgG. However, there was no difference in HHV-6 DNA levels in PBMCs between the groups. Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is a devastating disease, where antiviral treatment has greatly decreased mortality but not eliminated the associated long-term neurocognitive morbidity. We have investigated the correlation between N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor (NMDAR) autoimmunity and recovery of neurocognitive functions after HSE. Approximately one quarter of all HSE cases developed NMDAR autoantibodies within 3 months after onset of disease. Antibody development was associated with an impaired neurocognitive recovery during the two year follow-up and could become an important therapy guiding factor in the future.
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