Inaug.-diss.--Tübingen. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Inaug.-diss.--Tübingen. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Des études récentes ont montré qu’une mesure électrique permettait de caractériser les interfaces multi-contacts. Ces recherches initiées dans les milieux granulaires sont transposées dans un cadre technologique dédié au monitoring et au diagnostic des défauts dans les roulements. Cette méthode innovante exploite la richesse et la sensibilité d’une mesure électrique localisée et corrélée à l’état de chargement d’un roulement. Pour démontrer le potentiel de cette méthode, des mesures électriques expérimentales sont effectuées sur un banc de roulements et l’analyse des signaux révèle des similitudes avec les traditionnelles méthodes de surveillance. D’un point de vue numérique, le roulement est modélisé avec la méthode des éléments discrets (MED), d’ordinaire dédiée à l’étude des milieux granulaires, à partir de laquelle le comportement mécanique du roulement en dynamique est reproduit. Une formulation électromécanique est ensuite introduite pour en déduire une grandeur électrique numérique d’un roulement en fonctionnement, à comparer avec l'expérimentation. Des signatures électriques typiques en réponse à des sollicitations complexes (défauts, jeux, balourds, etc) sont étudiées et l’étude du comportement mécanique des bagues ouvre des perspectives intéressantes pour comprendre et modéliser leur endommagement. Alors que de nombreuses études ont été menées sur le suivi vibratoire des roulements, le recours à une méthode électrique localisée, sans capteur, est inexploité et prometteur / Recent studies have shown that an electric measurement made it possible to characterize the multi-contacts interfaces. The research initiated in granular media are transposed in a technological environment dedicated to monitoring and diagnosis of defects in bearings. This innovative method exploits the richness and sensitivity of a localized electrical measurement and correlated to the bearing load status. To demonstrate the potential of this method, experimentals electrical measurements are performed on a bench and signal analysis reveals similarities with traditional monitoring methods. From a numerical point of view, the bearing is modeled with the discrete element method (DEM), usually dedicated to the study of granular media, from which the mechanical behavior of the bearing dynamic is well reproduced. Electromechanical formulation is then introduced to derive a numerical electrical quantity of a bearing in operation, compared with the experiment. Typical electrical signatures in response to complex stresses (defects, clearance, imbalance, etc.) are studied. Studies of the mechanical behavior of rings opens interesting perspectives to understand and model their damage. While many studies have been conducted on the vibration monitoring of bearings, the use of a localized electrical method without sensor is still untapped and has promising results

SANTOS, Jorge André Costa dos. Nanoindentação de materiais elásticos lineares com espessura finita. 2010. 74 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Física) - Departamento de Física, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2010. / Submitted by francisco lima (admir@ufc.br) on 2014-03-18T12:38:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_jacdsantos.pdf: 9625298 bytes, checksum: aac13b909113187986d80a4988083a10 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edvander Pires(edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2014-03-18T21:59:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_jacdsantos.pdf: 9625298 bytes, checksum: aac13b909113187986d80a4988083a10 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-03-18T21:59:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_jacdsantos.pdf: 9625298 bytes, checksum: aac13b909113187986d80a4988083a10 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / The mechanical properties of nano and micro systems motivated many studies aiming understanding of how materials are a ected by mechanical interactions in low dimensions. Nanoindentation was developed in the early 1970s and is widely use to extract material mechanical properties, e.g. Young's modulus. It has been observed that classical mathe- matical models of the mechanics of contact based on the Hertz contact solution (which is the derived for the semi-in nite elastic contact), doesn't adequately describe the indenta- tion stress eld due to the e ects of substrate and indenter tip size. The purpose of this work is the modi cation of the model proposed by Hertz to describe the contact between indenters with a surface of nite thickness. The nite element method (FEM) was used to model the spherical and conical geometries of the contact allowing investigation of the mechanical response of these contacts by computational simulations of indentation. By tting the data obtained by FEM for samples with di erent thickness, it was possible to ( i ) to understand the role of the substrate during nanoindentation of thin samples, and ( ii ) to determine the correction factor of the Hertz model to account for sample thickness. These modi cation can be used to analyze nanoindentation experiments performed with atomic force microscopy to study the mechanical properties of small-scale systems / As propriedades mecânicas de nano e micro sistemas têm motivado muitos estudos com o objetivo de entender como a interação mecânica afeta os materiais em pequenas dimensões. A nanoindentação foi desenvolvida no início dos anos 1970 e é amplamente usada para extrair propriedades mecânicas de materiais, como por exemplo, o módulo de Young. Tem-se observado que modelos matemáticos clássicos da mecânica do contato com base no contato Hertziano (derivado do contato elástico semi-infinito) não descrevem adequadamente os campos de tensão e deformação devido aos efeitos do substrato e tamanho do indentador. Esse trabalho tem por objetivo adaptar o modelo proposto por Hertz para simular o contato entre indentadores com uma superfície de espessura finita. O método de elementos finitos (MEF) foi utilizado para modelar as geometrias do contato esférico e cônico, permitindo a investigação da resposta mecânica desses contatos por simulações de indentação computacional. Os dados obitidos pelo MEF permitiram o ajuste do modelo de Hertz e fatores de correção foram incluidos para levar a informação da espessura da amostra e assim melhorar o entendimento do efeito do substrato em nanoindentações. Esses ajustes do modelo de Hertz em conjunto com os dados experimentais de microscopia de força atômica são importantes no estudo das propriedades mecânicas de materiais biológicos, pois fornece a possibilidade de obter dados quantitativo e qualitativos a respeito do comportamento elástico de sistemas em pequena escala.

I review the construction of Hertz potentials in vector calculus starting from Maxwell's equations. From here, I lay the minimal foundations of differential geometry to construct Hertz potentials for a general (spatially compact) Lorentzian manifold with or without boundary. In this general framework, I discuss "scalar" Hertz potentials as they apply to the vector calculus situation, and I consider their possible generalization, showing which procedures used by previous authors fail to generalize and which succeed, if any. I give specific examples, including the standard at coordinate systems and an example of a non-flat metric, specifically a spherically symmetric black hole. Additionally, I generalize the introduction of gauge terms, and I present techniques for introducing gauge terms of arbitrary order. Finally, I give a treatment of one application of Hertz potentials, namely calculating electromagnetic Casimir interactions for a couple of systems.

The problems of the scattering off the perfect conductor sphere and the dielectric sphere have the exact solutions. But there are no exact solutions for the scattering off a multi-layered dielectric sphere with a metallic cap like the Lunberg lens reflectors which is used as a strong omni-directional reflector found in many microwave applications. Haruo Sakurai applied the modal expansion technique and point-matching method (PMM) to study the scattering of the Lunberg lens reflectors. The problem is eventually formulated as 2MN by 2MN simultaneous matrix equation with M regions each having 2N unknowns due to two set of coupled polarization vectors. Strictly speaking, the formulae of the mode matching method for the problem of the scattering of the dielectric sphere are not exact. Furthermore, the size of the simultaneous matrix equation is also unnecessarily too larger. In this thesis, we employ an integral equation formulation in the Frequency-domain together with the modified impedance transformation technique for the spherically layers to study the scattering of the Lunberg lens reflectors. We show that the formulae of the integral equation are exact and using an equivalent matrix equation, that the entire problem can be reduced to a N by N matrix equation where N is the number of terms of the expansion of the unknown field in the opening. To verify our formulation we compute the total field of the plane wave incident upon the multi-layered micro lenses and compared the results with those from the geometric optics. We get good agreement for the regions that both theories apply. Small discrepancy is also observed and is consistent with the theoretical prediction.

Techn. Universiẗat, Diss., 2003--Berlin.

This study aims to gain a fundamental understanding of the physics of triboelectri- cal charging of solid particles and the separation of the charged particles under an exter- nal DC electric field by computer simulations. A condenser model is used to implement charging mechanism and a soft sphere model is used to account for the Hertzian contact mechanics. The governing nondimensional parameters of the problem are identified and a parametric study is performed to investigate their effects on the charging efficiency and separation. The study finds relevance in a host of technologically important processes, such as recycling of plastic wastes, seed cleaning in agricultural industry and separation of coal from impurities in mining.

In recent years, the lifetime of an insulated railroad joint in the field has decreased due to increasing wheel loads. The goal of this research is to investigate possible changes in insulated rail joint design in order to improve the performance of the insulated joint. The finite element program ABAQUS is used to model the supported butt joint. In this model, the rail, joint bars, epoxy, and ties surrounding the joint are modeled using solid elements. The remaining ties are modeled as an elastic foundation. The rail is subjected to a tensile load, as well as a vertical wheel load that is applied to the rail using Hertz contact theory. Parametric studies are performed by varying the tie width, joint bar length, and joint bar dimensions. Two different wheel load locations are also investigated: centered about the end post, and halfway between the tie under the end post and the tie just to the left of the end post. The vertical displacement of the rail and insulated joint is one measure used to determine the effect of the parameters on the insulated joint. However, since the most common cause of failure in insulated rail joints is the debonding of the epoxy, this research also focuses on the stresses present in the epoxy when the joint is subjected to a static wheel load. The two out-of-plane shear stresses as well as the normal peel stress are used to compare the various designs of the joint. / Master of Science

Esse trabalho tem como objetivo estabelecer um método simples de ensaio que permita determinar a resistência à tração e módulo elástico de partículas individuais de agregados graúdos naturais submetidas à carga de compressão. O método de ensaio foi desenvolvido baseado no ensaio de carga pontual (Point Load Test) que permite obter a resistência à tração de partículas. Para a determinação do módulo de elasticidade foi acoplado ao método um LVDT e foi satisfeita a condição para aplicação da teoria de contato de Hertz (contato curvo-plano entre as partículas e as fixações de aplicação da carga). Inicialmente a metodologia foi avaliada utilizando como material de referência partículas de vidro (com geometrias similares aos agregados). Após a validação no vidro, o método de ensaio foi aplicado em agregados graúdos de granito. Propôs-se um método de seleção de partículas com base na sua distribuição de frequência de absorção, com o intuito de reduzir a quantidade de partículas testadas mecanicamente necessárias para obter a distribuição de Weibull da resistência à tração (e módulo de elasticidade). Para tanto, foi feita a determinação da absorção de água individual de centenas de partículas selecionadas por amostragem a esmo da população de agregados. Com base nos resultados, foi possível determinar a distribuição de Weibull da resistência à tração e módulo de elasticidade das partículas. Observou-se que as resistências à tração variaram de 3 a 15 MPa. Os agregados possuíam aproximadamente 10% da população de partículas com resistência à tração inferior a 5 MPa, o que pode influenciar as classes de resistência à compressão de concretos >50MPa. Os módulos elásticos dos agregados também foram variáveis (18-67 GPa) e aproximadamente 10% da população de partículas com módulo elástico <30 GPa. Isso pode limitar o módulo de elasticidade do concreto (que geralmente é em torno de 27 GPa), dependendo do processo de escolha dos agregados. As funções exponenciais inversas fundamentais entre essas propriedades mecânicas e a porosidade foram confirmadas (para valores médios). / The aim of this work is to establish a simple test method to determine the tensile strength and elastic modulus of individual natural aggregate particles subjected to a compression load. The test method was developed based on the Point Load Test, that allows to obtain the tensile strength of particles. For the determination of the elastic modulus, an LVDT was coupled to the method and the condition for application of Hertz contact theory (curved-plane contact between the particles and the load application fixations) was satisfied. Initially, the method was evaluated using glass particles as reference (with geometries similar to aggregates). After validation on the glass, the test method was applied to coarse granite aggregates. A method of particle selection was proposed based on its absorption frequency distribution, in order to reduce the amount of mechanically tested particles required to obtain the Weibull distribution of tensile strength (and elastic modulus). For this purpose, the determination of the individual water absorption of hundreds of particles selected by random sampling of the population of aggregates was made. Based on the results, it was possible to determine the Weibull distribution of the tensile strength and elastic modulus of the particles. The tensile strengths ranged from 3 to 15 MPa. The aggregates had approximately 10% of the particles population with tensile strength less than 5 MPa, which may influence the classes of concrete with compressive strength > 50MPa. The elastic modulus of the aggregates was also variable (18-67 GPa), with approximately 10% of the particle population with elastic modulus <30 GPa. This may limit the elastic modulus of the concrete (usually around 27 GPa) depending on how the aggregates are selected. The fundamental inverse exponential functions between these mechanical properties and the porosity were confirmed (for mean values).