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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Propriedades estruturais e energéticas de efeitos extensos no gelo Ih / Structure and energetics properties of extended defects in ice Ih

Silva Junior, Domingos Lopes da, 1982- 19 May 2006 (has links)
Orientador: Maurice de Koning / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T15:22:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SilvaJunior_DomingosLopesda_D.pdf: 17651517 bytes, checksum: 27cb54e210fe4d9dd8c11581abe57d01 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Usando a abordagem da Teoria do Funcional da Densidade (DFT), estudamos propriedades estruturais de falhas de empilhamento e discordâncias parciais na fase sólida mais comum da água, conhecida como gelo Ih. Uma das principais características do gelo Ih é o desordenamento protônico, que exerce forte influência nas estruturas destes defeitos extensos. O deslocamento relativo entre camadas para produzir as falhas de empilhamento no gelo Ih é responsável por criar uma série de violações nas regras do gelo conhecidas como defeitos Bjerrum. Nas otimizações de geometria por DFT observamos que as moléculas apresentaram uma forte tendência de reconstrução para eliminar os defeitos Bjerrum. Entretanto, a desordem protônica dificulta que todos os defeitos Bjerrum sejam corrigidos espontaneamente. Estes defeitos remanescentes são responsáveis por elevar consideravelmente a energia de formação da falha de empilhamento, contrariando as estimativas experimentais. Tal contradição sugere que não há concentrações significativas de defeitos Bjerrum em falhas de empilhamento no gelo Ih. De fato, os nossos resultados para as energias de formação de falhas de empilhamento sem defeitos Bjerrum são muito próximos de zero, concordando com as estimativas experimentais. Uma energia de formação de falha de empilhamento baixa indica que a dissociação de discordâncias perfeitas em discordâncias parciais é favorável. Nós investigamos propriedades estruturais de discordâncias parciais conhecidas como parciais 30° e 90°. Observamos uma semelhança muito grande entre as estruturas destas parciais no gelo Ih com o caso do silício. Assim como no silício, as moléculas de água presentes no caroço destas parciais apresentam uma ligação quebrada. Em ambas as parciais observamos uma forte tendência de reconstrução de caroço para restabelecimento desta ligação. Novamente, a desordem protônica dificulta o restabelecimento de todas as ligações quebradas espontaneamente criando defeitos de reconstrução conhecidos como defeitos de anti fase (APD) que também são observados no silício. Fizemos simulações que comparam as energias das parciais não-reconstruídas com as totalmente reconstruídas e os nossos resultados mostraram uma grande redução do excesso de energia com a reconstrução. Isto sugere que as discordâncias parciais no gelo Ih são reconstruídas. A discordância parcial 90° apresenta dois tipos de reconstrução um deles conhecido como período simples e o outro como período duplo. A diferença de energia entre estas reconstruções é tão pequena que é plausível que estas reconstruções coexistam em um mesmo caroço. Esta coexistência é mais uma das semelhanças entre o caso do gelo Ih e do silício. Os principais resultados desta Tese foram publicados em Physical Review B 85, 024119 (2012) / Abstract: Using the Density Functional Theory (DFT) approach, we studied the structural properties of stacking faults and partial dislocations in the most common solid phase of water, known as ice Ih. One of the main features of Ice Ih is the proton disorder, which has a strong influence on the structures of these defects. The relative displacement between layers to produce the stacking faults in ice Ih is responsible for creating violations of the ice rules known as Bjerrum defects. In DFT geometric optimizations we observed that molecules show a strong tendency to reconstruct to eliminate the Bjerrum defects. However, the proton disorder prevents the correction of all Bjerrum defects spontaneously. These remaining defects are responsible for higher stacking-fault energies, contradicting experimental estimates. This contradiction suggests that there is no significant concentration of Bjerrum defects in stacking faults in ice Ih. Indeed fact, our results for stacking fault energies without Bjerrum defects are almost zero, consistent with the experimental estimates. Low stacking fault energies suggest that dissociation of perfect dislocations into two partials is favorable. We investigated the structural properties of 30° and 90° partial dislocations. We observed that the structures of partial dislocations in ice Ih is very similar to the case of silicon. As in silicon, the water molecules in the partial dislocation core have one dangling bond. In both partials we observed a strong tendency of reconstruction to fix this dangling bond. Again, the proton disorder prevents the full correction of dangling bonds to occur spontaneously, creating reconstruction defects known as anti phase defects, that are also observed in silicon. We compare the nonreconstructed with fully reconstructed partial dislocations and observed a large reduction of excess energies associated with reconstruction. This suggests that partial dislocation in ice Ih are reconstructed. The 90° partial has two types of reconstruction. One is known as single period and another as double period. The energy difference between both is so small that it is plausible that these reconstructions coexist in the same core. This coexistence is yet another similarity between ice Ih and the silicon. The main results of this Thesis were published in Physical Review B 85, 024119 (2012) / Doutorado / Física / Doutor em Ciências
2

Mesures en trois dimensions des distorsions cristallines par imagerie en diffraction de Bragg : application aux cristaux de glace / 3D resolved distortion measurements by Bragg diffraction imaging : application to ice crystals

Kluender, Rafael 29 September 2011 (has links)
La déformation visco-plastique de la glace est fortement anisotrope, le plan de glissement préferé étant la plan de base. Le fait que dans un polycristal chaque grain possède sa propre direction de déformation produit des incompatibilités et un champ de contrainte complexe. La déformation à été étudiée expérimentellement en mésurant la dis- tortion des plans cristallins de mono- et polycristaux de glace artificielle. Les expériences ont été réalisées à l'aide d'un faisceau synchrotron. Une nouvelle procédure éxperimental, basée sur les méthodes de l'imagerie en diffraction de Bragg, comme lumière blanche, im- agerie sur la courbe de diffraction et topographie laminaire et ponctuelle, a été dévéloppée. Les désorientations angulaires, les largeurs à mi-hauteur et les intensités intégrées ont été mésurées dans les trois dimensions spatiales de l'échantillon et avec une résolution de 50× 50 × 50µm3. Les algorithmes d'analyse de données ont été écrits pour extraire des données des résultats quantitatifs, et pour calculer les neuf composantes du tenseur de courbure ainsi que la distortion entière des plans cristallins. Les résultats ont permis d'observer les premières étappes de la déformation de la glace. Par example la polygonisation d'un grain à été observée. / The viscoplastic deformation of ice is strongly anisotropic. The preferred glide system is on the basal plane. In a polycrystal each grain exhibits its own deformation direction. As a result the deformation of polycrystalline ice is associated with strain in- compatibilities, especially at the grain boundaries and the triple junction. The deforma- tion process was experimentally investigated by measuring crystal lattice distortions of single- and polycrystalline, artificially grown ice crystals. The experiments were benefic- ing from a synchrotron X-ray beam. A new experimental method, based on Bragg diffrac- tion imaging (X-ray topography) methods, as white beam X-ray diffraction topography, rocking curve imaging, section- and pinhole X-ray topography was used. Angular mis- orientations, full-width-half-maxima and integrated Bragg diffracted intensities have been measured along the three spatial dimensions of the sample and with a spatial resolution of around 50µm × 50µm × 50µm. Data analysis algorithms were written in order to extract quantitative results from the data and to calculate all nine components of the curvature ten- sor, as well as the entire lattice distortion in the sample. The results give an insight into the early stages of plastic deformation of ice, i.e. the polygonisation of a grain was observed.

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