京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第21550号 / 理博第4457号 / 新制||理||1640(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)准教授 戸塚 圭介, 教授 川上 則雄, 教授 前野 悦輝 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

En 1980, une excitation électronique inédite des électrons supraconducteurs a été mise en évidence par spectroscopie Raman dans le composé 2H-NbSe2. Cette excitation semble pouvoir être associée à un mode collectif d’amplitude du paramètre d’ordre supraconducteur.Ce mode, analogue au boson de Higgs dans le modèle standard, est normalement non couplé à la lumière mais serait observable dans le cas de 2H-NbSe2 via un couplage de la supraconductivité avec une autre phase exotique appelée onde de densité de charge.Cette thèse a consisté à utiliser la spectroscopie Raman sous haute pression pour mettre cette théorie à l’épreuve de deux façons. D’une part, en détruisant l’onde de densité de charge dans 2H-NbSe2 sous haute pression et voir si celle-ci est réellement nécessaire à l’observation du mode Higgs. D’autre part, en cherchant de nouveaux exemples d’observation du mode de Higgs dans d’autres composés (2H-TaS2, 2H-TaSe2,...) où la supraconductivité coexiste avec une onde de densité de charge / In 1980, a unique electronic excitation of the superconducting electrons was observed in 2H-NbSe2 by Raman spectroscopy. This excitation can be associated to a collective mode of the amplitude of the superconducting order parameter. This mode, analogous to the Higgs boson in the standard model, is not coupled to light but would be visible in 2H-NbSe2through a coupling to another exotic phase called charge density wave.This thesis consisted in using Raman spectroscopy under high pressures to tackle thistheory in two different ways. Firstly, by inducing a collapse of the charge density wave athigh pressure and see if the coupling to this phase really is a requisite to the visibility of the Higgs mode. Secondly, by searching for new exemples of Higgs modes in other compounds (2H-TaS2, 2H-TaSe2,...) where superconductivity coexists with a charge density wave

This dissertation introduces some new properties of both superfluid phases of fermions with spin-orbit coupling (SOC) and superradiant phases of photons in an optical cavity. The effects of SOC on the phase transition between normal and superfluid phase are revealed; an unconventional crossover driven by SOC from the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) state to the Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) state is verified in three different systems; and two kinds of excitations, a Goldstone mode and a Higgs mode, are demonstrated to occur in a quantum optical system. We investigate the BCS superfluid state of two-component atomic Fermi gases in the presence of three kinds of SOCs. We find that SOC drives a class of BCS to BEC crossover that is different from the conventional one without SOC. Here, we extend the concepts of the coherence length and Cooper-pair size in the absence of SOC to Fermi systems with SOC. We study the dependence of chemical potential, coherence length, and Cooper-pair size on the SOC strength and the scattering length in three dimensions (3D) (or the twobody binding energy in two dimensions (2D)) for three attractively interacting Fermi gases with 3D Rashba, 3D Weyl, and 2D Rashba SOC respectively. By adding a population imbalance to a Fermi gas with Rashba-type SOC, we also map out the finite-temperature phase diagram. Due to a competition between SOC and population imbalance, the finite-temperature phase diagram reveals a large variety of new features, including the expanding of the superfluid state regime and the shrinking of both the phase separation and the normal regimes. We find that the tricritical point moves toward a regime of low temperature, high magnetic field, and high polarization as the SOC strength increases. Besides Fermi fluids, this dissertation also gives a new angle of view on the superradiant phase in the Dicke model. Here, we demonstrate that Goldstone and Higgs modes can be observed in an optical system with only a few atoms inside a cavity. The model we study is the U(1)/Z2 Dicke model with N qubits (two-level atoms) coupled to a single photon mode.