The main objective of this thesis is to further reduce the machining cycle time for producing Calcium Polyphosphate (CPP) implant constructs. To achieve this, the impregnation of the CPP lattice with various polymers is investigated, with the aim of improving the toughness of the material. By applying Taguchi’s orthogonal array method it was determined that CPP infiltrated with an ionic bonding polymer produces the best material for generating high quality machined surfaces and features. While there is some loss in surface porosity, in comparison to cutting uninfiltrated CPP, the porosity loss was deemed acceptable for the clinical purpose of the implant, and in many cases, would be trimmed off during a consecutive finish machining operation. The 2 fluted 4 mm diameter flat end mill at a cutting speed of 30 m/min and ¾ immersion up-milling, 0.1 mm chip load and 3 mm depth of cut were determined to be highly suitable for achieving both high productivity as well as excellent surface integrity. These conditions produced a material removal rate of 4,302 mm3/min, which was 14 times higher than the material removal rate achieved in machining pure CPP in earlier studies. The constructed machining model was highly successful in predicting the cutting forces, and therefore can be used in process planning and optimization in the production of tissue engineered implant constructs out of CPP. The Finite Element analyses predicted that the implant would not chip or break during the roughing operation, as validated experimentally. This allowed the roughing cycle time to be reduced from 159 min to 19 min, effectively achieving a productivity improvement of 8 times over the earlier work done in this area.

The main objective of this thesis is to further reduce the machining cycle time for producing Calcium Polyphosphate (CPP) implant constructs. To achieve this, the impregnation of the CPP lattice with various polymers is investigated, with the aim of improving the toughness of the material. By applying Taguchi’s orthogonal array method it was determined that CPP infiltrated with an ionic bonding polymer produces the best material for generating high quality machined surfaces and features. While there is some loss in surface porosity, in comparison to cutting uninfiltrated CPP, the porosity loss was deemed acceptable for the clinical purpose of the implant, and in many cases, would be trimmed off during a consecutive finish machining operation. The 2 fluted 4 mm diameter flat end mill at a cutting speed of 30 m/min and ¾ immersion up-milling, 0.1 mm chip load and 3 mm depth of cut were determined to be highly suitable for achieving both high productivity as well as excellent surface integrity. These conditions produced a material removal rate of 4,302 mm3/min, which was 14 times higher than the material removal rate achieved in machining pure CPP in earlier studies. The constructed machining model was highly successful in predicting the cutting forces, and therefore can be used in process planning and optimization in the production of tissue engineered implant constructs out of CPP. The Finite Element analyses predicted that the implant would not chip or break during the roughing operation, as validated experimentally. This allowed the roughing cycle time to be reduced from 159 min to 19 min, effectively achieving a productivity improvement of 8 times over the earlier work done in this area.

High-end multicore systems with GPU-based accelerators are now ubiquitous in the hardware landscape. Besides dealing with the nontrivial heterogeneous environ- ment, end users should often take into consideration the underlying memory architec- ture to decrease the overhead of data motion, especially when running on non-uniform memory access (NUMA) platforms. We propose the OmpSs parallel programming model approach using its Nanos++ dynamic runtime system to solve the two challeng- ing problems aforementioned, through 1) an innovative NUMA node-aware scheduling policy to reduce data movement between NUMA nodes and 2) a nested parallelism feature to concurrently exploit the resources available from the GPU devices as well as the CPU host, without compromising the overall performance. Our approach fea- tures separation of concerns by abstracting the complexity of the hardware from the end users so that high productivity can be achieved. The Cholesky factorization is used as a benchmark representative of dense numerical linear algebra algorithms. Superior performance is also demonstrated on the symmetric matrix inversion based on Cholesky factorization, commonly used in co-variance computations in statistics. Performance on a NUMA system with Kepler-based GPUs exceeds that of existing implementations, while the OmpSs-enabled code remains very similar to its original sequential version.

No description available.

L'acide furan-2,5-dicarboxylique (FDCA) a été répertorié en 2010 comme l'une des 10 principales molécules bio sourcées, pouvant servir de blocs de construction moléculaire pour remplacer l'acide téréphtalique d'origine pétrochimique, dans la production des polyesters à base de végétal. Ce composé fait partie de la famille des furanes et est obtenu après déshydratation et oxydation de sucres. Une des voies de synthèse utilise un intermédiaire clé, le 5-hydroxyméthylfurfural (HMF). Cependant, il n'existe aujourd'hui aucune production industrielle du HMF, en raison de sa réactivité intrinsèque. La formation de ce composé représente ainsi une des étapes limitantes dans la production de FDCA. Dans ce contexte, nous avons envisagé de nouvelles stratégies de synthèse du HMF économiquement favorables et respectueuses de l'environnement. L'étude de la déshydratation des monosaccharides présents en abondance dans la biomasse lignocellulosique a tout d'abord été effectuée. Les voies de synthèse ont été choisies dans la perspective d'un possible dimensionnement industriel et les coûts de production ont été minimisés afin d'obtenir le HMF à un prix compétitif. Des cristaux de HMF d'une pureté suffisante, pour une application industrielle, ont ainsi été fournis à partir de D-fructose, après une synthèse dans le diméthylsulfoxide sans catalyseur et une extraction liquide-liquide du composé. Le recyclage des solvants organiques utilisés pour la synthèse et pour l'extraction représente un réel avantage du procédé. A partir de D-glucose, la synthèse en milieu organique en deux étapes, sans purification intermédiaire, mais avec seulement une filtration, fournit un sirop de HMF concentré. Le catalyseur utilisé pour l'étape d'isomérisation du D-glucose en D-fructose a été recyclé avec succès. La conversion directe de la cellulose en HMF, dans un milieu contenant un solvant organique, a ensuite été abordée. La stratégie mise en place s'inscrit dans une démarche d'éco-conception visant à obtenir le HMF à partir de biomasse lignocellulosique, sans traitement préalable. L'accessibilité de la cellulose par sa solubilisation dans le milieu réactionnel est le premier défi à relever pour sa conversion ultérieure. La combinaison d'un catalyseur chloré et d'un système composé d'un sel d'ammonium et d'un solvant organique a été efficace pour produire le HMF. Du point de vue de la chimie durable, ce procédé présente de réels avantages tels que l'utilisation de réactifs (sel d'ammonium et catalyseur) peu onéreux et une production de HMF à partir de matières premières renouvelables. L'adaptation de cette méthode à la biomasse lignocellulosique a fourni des rendements modestes mais encourageants pour la suite des travaux. / 2,5-Furan dicarboxylique acid (FDCA) was listed in 2010 as one of the top 10 bio sourced molecules which can serve as building blocks to replace the petrochemical terephthalic acid in the production of polyesters based-plant. This compound belongs to the family of furans and can be obtained after dehydration and oxidation of sugars. One way of synthesis uses a key intermediate, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). However, there is currently no commercial production of HMF because of its intrinsic reactivity. The formation of this compound thus represents one of the limiting steps in the production of FDCA. In this context, we have explored new strategies for the synthesis of HMF which could be economically and environmentally favorable. The study of the dehydration of monosaccharides which are abundant in lignocellulosic biomass was first carried out. Synthetic routes have been selected in view of a possible industrial development and in order to reduce as possible as we can the cost of production to obtain the HMF at a competitive price. Crystals of HMF with sufficient purity for industrial applications has been supplied from D-fructose after a synthesis in dimethylsulfoxide without catalyst and after a liquid-liquid extraction. Recycling of organic solvents used for the synthesis and the extraction represents a real benefit for this process. From D-glucose, a synthesis in organic medium in two steps without purification but only filtration afforded a syrup of concentrated HMF. The catalyst used for the isomerization step of the D-glucose into D-fructose was successfully recycled. The direct conversion of cellulose into HMF in a medium composed of an organic solvent was then approached. The implemented strategy is part of an eco-design approach to get the HMF from lignocellulosic biomass, without pretreatment. Accessibility of cellulose by its dissolution in the reaction medium was the first challenge for subsequent conversion. The combination of a chloride catalyst and a system composed of an ammonium salt and an organic solvent was effective to produce HMF. From the view point of sustainable chemistry, this method gathers noticeable advantages such as use of cheap ammonium additive, cheap and naturally abundant metal and allows production of HMF from renewable raw materials. The adjustment method to the lignocellulosic biomass has provided modest but encouraging yields for further work.

A Mata Atlântica (MA) é um dos ambientes naturais mais ameaçados do Brasil, tendo sua área original atualmente bastante reduzida pelas ações antrópicas. As atividades agrícolas estão incluídas entre os fatores de impacto a este Bioma; e inserida na área de domínio da MA está a região de Apiaí - SP, produtora de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) de mesa, uma cultura caracterizada pela sua importância alimentar, e responsável por significativos impactos socioambientais devido ao uso de agroquímicos, desmatamentos e más condições de trabalho. Devido à infestação por insetos-praga e às ocorrências de doenças agrícolas, esta cultura é considerada uma das mais exigentes em tratos culturais necessitando pulverizações constantes e uso geral de agroquímicos. Este trabalho busca ampliar o conhecimento sobre as funções que a biodiversidade florestal pode ter como um instrumento para auxiliar o manejo agrícola de insetos fitófagos e doenças em cultivos de tomate de mesa. No município de Apiai - SP, entre 2008 e 2010, foram instalados 5 módulos experimentais de cultivo de tomate em manejo agroecológico no modelo de Ilhas de Alta Produtividade (IAPs), em locais onde a biodiversidade florestal é um elemento presente no entorno. Em cada módulo de cultivo, foram analisados: a biodiversidade florestal no entorno até uma distância de 300 m nos sentidos N, S, L, O; a ocorrência de insetos-praga e doenças agrícolas e a viabilidade econômica e socioambiental. Os resultados foram comparados aos mesmos dados coletados de outros 5 cultivos convencionais da mesma região ecológica, que cultivaram variedades semelhantes, no mesmo período, em ambientes com menor biodiversidade florestal nativa em seu entorno. Os módulos experimentais de cultivo agroecológico demonstraram uma área media de cobertura Florestal Atlântica em torno de 43,82%%, com uma ocorrência media de 46 espécies arbóreas nativas com Índice de Biodiversidade Florestal de 3,87; os cultivos comparativos apresentaram áreas médias de cobertura florestal em seu entorno de 31,34 %, com uma ocorrência de 26 espécies arbóreas nativas e índice de biodiversidade florestal de 3,44. Em amostras de 20 plantas de tomate por cultivo, nas áreas experimentais, não foram identificadas a ocorrência de viroses, uma única espécies causadora de doença fúngica e um total de 4 espécies de insetos-praga foram identificadas. Os produtores convencionais comparados tiveram a ocorrência de 11 espécies de doenças fúngicas e bacterianas, com 7% de ocorrência de viroses e 7 espécies de insetos fitófagos. Os dados mostraram que existe relação da biodiversidade florestal com o número de espécies de insetos-praga nos cultivos. Em uma análise de viabilidade socioambiental entre os cultivos experimentais e comparativos, foi identificada uma maior taxa de risco, investimento, produtividade, volume de produção, e prejuízos financeiros, bem como maiores impactos ambientais e sociais entre os cultivos de tomate convencionais comparativos. Os modelos experimentais com biodiversidade florestal em seu entorno se mostraram viáveis social e ambientalmente para utilização prática na agricultura familiar na região de Apiai - SP. / The neotropical Atlantic Rain Forest (MA) is one of the most threatened natural environments of Brazil, with its original area now greatly reduced by human actions. Agricultural activities are included among the impact factors in this biome, and inserted in the area with the MA is the region of Apiaí - SP producer of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) table, a culture characterized by its nutritional importance and also responsible for significant environmental impacts due to the use of agrochemicals, deforestation and poor working conditions. Due to infestation by insect pests and plant diseases this crop is considered one of the most demanding in cultivation requirements such as constant spraying and general use of agrochemicals. This work seeks to expand the knowledge about the functions that forest biodiversity can perform as a tool to assist the cultivation control in the control of phytophagous insects and diseases in tomato crop. In the district of Apiaí - SP, from 2008 to 2010, five modules have been installed for experimental cultivation of tomato in the agroecologic model called Islands of High Productivity (IAPs), in places where forest biodiversity is an element current around. The biodiversity in the surrounding forest to a distance of 300 m in the directions N, S, E, W, the occurrence of insect pests and diseases and also the economic viability and environmental impact were analyzed in each module of cultivation. The results were compared to the same data collected from five other conventional crops in the same ecological region which cultivated similar varieties in the same period in environments with less native forest biodiversity in their environment. The experimental agroecologic modules showed an average area of Atlantic Forest cover around 43.82%, with an average occurrence of 46 native tree species and forest biodiversity indices of 3.87; the conventional modules had 31.34% of atlantic forest cover, with an occurrence of 26 native tree species and forest biodiversity indices of 3.44. In the experimental areas, with sampling of 20 tomato plants/ cultivation, were not identified any occurrence of viruses but only a single species causing fungal disease and a total of four species of insect pests. The conventional producers had the occurrence of 11 species of fungal and bacterial diseases, with 7% occurrence of viruses and 7 species of phytophagous insects. The data showed that there are relationship of forest biodiversity and number of species of insect pests in crops. In analysis of economic and socio-environmental viabilities between the experimental and comparative cultivations, it was identified a higher rate of risk, investment, productivity, production volume and financial losses, as well as higher environmental and social impacts of the conventional tomato cultivations. The agroecologic experimental models with higher forest biodiversity around have proved being socially and environmentally viable for practical use in family farming in the region of Apiai - SP.

A Mata Atlântica (MA) é um dos ambientes naturais mais ameaçados do Brasil, tendo sua área original atualmente bastante reduzida pelas ações antrópicas. As atividades agrícolas estão incluídas entre os fatores de impacto a este Bioma; e inserida na área de domínio da MA está a região de Apiaí - SP, produtora de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) de mesa, uma cultura caracterizada pela sua importância alimentar, e responsável por significativos impactos socioambientais devido ao uso de agroquímicos, desmatamentos e más condições de trabalho. Devido à infestação por insetos-praga e às ocorrências de doenças agrícolas, esta cultura é considerada uma das mais exigentes em tratos culturais necessitando pulverizações constantes e uso geral de agroquímicos. Este trabalho busca ampliar o conhecimento sobre as funções que a biodiversidade florestal pode ter como um instrumento para auxiliar o manejo agrícola de insetos fitófagos e doenças em cultivos de tomate de mesa. No município de Apiai - SP, entre 2008 e 2010, foram instalados 5 módulos experimentais de cultivo de tomate em manejo agroecológico no modelo de Ilhas de Alta Produtividade (IAPs), em locais onde a biodiversidade florestal é um elemento presente no entorno. Em cada módulo de cultivo, foram analisados: a biodiversidade florestal no entorno até uma distância de 300 m nos sentidos N, S, L, O; a ocorrência de insetos-praga e doenças agrícolas e a viabilidade econômica e socioambiental. Os resultados foram comparados aos mesmos dados coletados de outros 5 cultivos convencionais da mesma região ecológica, que cultivaram variedades semelhantes, no mesmo período, em ambientes com menor biodiversidade florestal nativa em seu entorno. Os módulos experimentais de cultivo agroecológico demonstraram uma área media de cobertura Florestal Atlântica em torno de 43,82%%, com uma ocorrência media de 46 espécies arbóreas nativas com Índice de Biodiversidade Florestal de 3,87; os cultivos comparativos apresentaram áreas médias de cobertura florestal em seu entorno de 31,34 %, com uma ocorrência de 26 espécies arbóreas nativas e índice de biodiversidade florestal de 3,44. Em amostras de 20 plantas de tomate por cultivo, nas áreas experimentais, não foram identificadas a ocorrência de viroses, uma única espécies causadora de doença fúngica e um total de 4 espécies de insetos-praga foram identificadas. Os produtores convencionais comparados tiveram a ocorrência de 11 espécies de doenças fúngicas e bacterianas, com 7% de ocorrência de viroses e 7 espécies de insetos fitófagos. Os dados mostraram que existe relação da biodiversidade florestal com o número de espécies de insetos-praga nos cultivos. Em uma análise de viabilidade socioambiental entre os cultivos experimentais e comparativos, foi identificada uma maior taxa de risco, investimento, produtividade, volume de produção, e prejuízos financeiros, bem como maiores impactos ambientais e sociais entre os cultivos de tomate convencionais comparativos. Os modelos experimentais com biodiversidade florestal em seu entorno se mostraram viáveis social e ambientalmente para utilização prática na agricultura familiar na região de Apiai - SP. / The neotropical Atlantic Rain Forest (MA) is one of the most threatened natural environments of Brazil, with its original area now greatly reduced by human actions. Agricultural activities are included among the impact factors in this biome, and inserted in the area with the MA is the region of Apiaí - SP producer of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) table, a culture characterized by its nutritional importance and also responsible for significant environmental impacts due to the use of agrochemicals, deforestation and poor working conditions. Due to infestation by insect pests and plant diseases this crop is considered one of the most demanding in cultivation requirements such as constant spraying and general use of agrochemicals. This work seeks to expand the knowledge about the functions that forest biodiversity can perform as a tool to assist the cultivation control in the control of phytophagous insects and diseases in tomato crop. In the district of Apiaí - SP, from 2008 to 2010, five modules have been installed for experimental cultivation of tomato in the agroecologic model called Islands of High Productivity (IAPs), in places where forest biodiversity is an element current around. The biodiversity in the surrounding forest to a distance of 300 m in the directions N, S, E, W, the occurrence of insect pests and diseases and also the economic viability and environmental impact were analyzed in each module of cultivation. The results were compared to the same data collected from five other conventional crops in the same ecological region which cultivated similar varieties in the same period in environments with less native forest biodiversity in their environment. The experimental agroecologic modules showed an average area of Atlantic Forest cover around 43.82%, with an average occurrence of 46 native tree species and forest biodiversity indices of 3.87; the conventional modules had 31.34% of atlantic forest cover, with an occurrence of 26 native tree species and forest biodiversity indices of 3.44. In the experimental areas, with sampling of 20 tomato plants/ cultivation, were not identified any occurrence of viruses but only a single species causing fungal disease and a total of four species of insect pests. The conventional producers had the occurrence of 11 species of fungal and bacterial diseases, with 7% occurrence of viruses and 7 species of phytophagous insects. The data showed that there are relationship of forest biodiversity and number of species of insect pests in crops. In analysis of economic and socio-environmental viabilities between the experimental and comparative cultivations, it was identified a higher rate of risk, investment, productivity, production volume and financial losses, as well as higher environmental and social impacts of the conventional tomato cultivations. The agroecologic experimental models with higher forest biodiversity around have proved being socially and environmentally viable for practical use in family farming in the region of Apiai - SP.