A progesterona (P4) apresenta papel fundamental nos processos de estabelecimento e manutenção da gestação em fêmeas bovinas. A manipulação deste esteroide em momentos estratégicos durante programas de sincronização da ovulação pode aumentar o sucesso gestacional, especialmente em vacas leiteiras de alta produção devido a alta metabolização hepática de esteroides. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a administração de P4 injetável de longa ação (P4LA), associado ou não ao tratamento com hCG, sobre a função luteínica e taxa de concepção de vacas leiteiras de alta produção. Para tanto, três experimentos foram realizados. Experimento 1, 12 dias após a ovulação sincronizada (-24 h), 29 vacas da raça Holandesa em lactação (fêmeas com P4 plasmática inferior a 1ng/mL) receberam um implante auricular de norgestomet e 500µg Cloprostenol Sódico (i.m.). Após 24h (0h), as fêmeas foram aleatoriamente distribuídas em um de quatro grupos experimentais: Controle (n=8), fêmeas sem tratamento adicional; e P4LA-300 (n=7), P4LA-600 (n=7) e P4LA-900 (n=7), fêmeas tratadas com 300, 600 e 900 mg de P4LA i.m., respectivamente. A P4 plasmática foi determinada a cada 24h totalizando 216 h. Verificou-se interação entre tratamento e tempo (P=0,002). As fêmeas tratadas com 900 mg de P4LA apresentaram maior P4 circulante durante todo o período experimental, enquanto as fêmeas tratadas com 300 e 600 mg de P4LA apresentaram superioridade somente nas primeiras 24 e 48h após o tratamento, respectivamente. No experimento 2, 3 dias após o momento esperado da IATF (Dia 3), 75 fêmeas da raça Holandesa em lactação foram alocadas em um de quatro grupos experimentais: Controle (n=20), fêmeas sem tratamento adicional; P4LA-900 (n=18), fêmeas receberam 900mg de P4LA i.m.; hCG (n=19), fêmeas receberam 2.000UI de hCG i.m.; P4LA-900+hCG (n=18), fêmeas receberam ambos os tratamentos, concomitantemente. Após o tratamento, amostras de sangue foram coletadas (Dias 3, 5, 9, 13 e 17) e exames ultrassonográficos foram realizados (Dias 5, 9 e 13) para avaliar a concentração (ng/mL) plasmática de P4 e mensurar o volume do corpo lúteo (CL). Verificou-se interação entre o tratamento com P4LA-900 e tempo (P=0,0001) e entre o tratamento com hCG e tempo (P=0,05) para concentração de P4 plasmática. Os animais tratados com P4LA-900 apresentaram maior concentração de P4 nos Dias 5 e 9. Enquanto que animais tratados com com hCG apresentaram maior concentração de P4 no Dia 9. Para o volume do CL observou-se interação entre o tratamento com hCG (P=0,002) e tempo. Animais tratados com hCG (P4LA-900+hCG e hCG) apresentaram maior volume do CL nos Dias 9 e 13 em relação aos grupos não tratados com hCG (controle e P4LA-900). No experimento 3, 982 vacas leiteiras da raça Holandesa previamente submetidas a IATF foram aleatoriamente distribuídas em um de quatro grupos experimentais, semelhantes aos descrito no Experimento 2 [Controle (n=250); P4LA-900 (n=245); hCG (n=237) e P4LA-900+hCG (n=250)]. A taxa de concepção aos 30 dias após IATF foi superior no grupo P4LA-900 (P=0,002). No entanto, nenhum efeito foi observado para o tratamento com hCG (P = 0,20) ou interação P4LA-900 e hCG (P =0,71). As taxas de concepção aos 60 dias, bem como de perda gestacional entre 30 e 60 dias pós IATF não foram influenciadas pelos tratamentos (P4LA-900 ou hCG). Houve interação entre tratamento com P4LA-900 e fazenda sobre a taxas de concepção aos 60 dias (P=0,09). Ainda observou-se interação entre o tratamento P4LA-900 e a época do ano (quente vs. não quente), sobre as taxas de concepção aos 30 (P = 0,04) e aos 60 (P = 0,07) dias após a IATF. Verificou-se efeito positivo do tratamento com P4LA-900 durante a época quente do ano. Desta forma, conclui-se que o tratamento de com P4LA-900 em fêmeas de alta produção da raça Holandesa inseminadas em tempo fixo foi positivo para taxa de concepção aos 30 dias, principalmente durante a época quente do ano. O tratamento com hCG aumentou as concentrações de P4 após o tratamento, entretanto, não foram observados efeitos positivos na taxa de concepção. / Progesterone (P4) has a key role in the establishment and maintenance processes of pregnancy in cows. The modulation of this steroid at strategic times during ovulation synchronization programs can increase pregnancy success, especially in high-producing dairy cows. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the administration long-acting injectable P4 (P4LA) on luteal function and conception rate of high producing dairy cows. Therefore three experiments were performed. In Experiment 1, 12 days after synchronized ovulation (-24h), 29 Holstein cows in lactation (with plasma P4 less than 1 ng / mL) were given a norgestomet implant and 500µg Cloprostenol Sodium (i.m.). After 24 hours (0h), females were randomly assigned to one of four groups: control (n = 8), females without further treatment and P4LA-300 (n = 7), P4LA-600 (n = 7) and P4LA -900 (n = 7) females treated with 300, 600 and 900 mg P4LA i.m., respectively. After treatment, the plasma P4 was determined every 24 hours until 216 hours. There was an interaction between treatment and time (p = 0.002). The females treated with 900 mg of P4LA showed higher P4 concentration during the entire experimental period, while females treated with 300 and 600 mg had greater P4 concentration during the first 24 e 48 h after treatment, respectively. In experiment 2, three days after synchronized ovulation (Day 3), 75 female Holstein lactating were assigned to one of four groups: control (n = 20), females without further treatment; P4LA-900 (n = 18), females received 900mg of P4LA i.m.; hCG (n = 19), females received hCG 2.000UI im; P4LA-900 + hCG (n = 18), females received both treatments simultaneously. After treatment, blood samples were collected (Days 3, 5, 9, 13 and 17) and ultrasound examinations were conducted (Days 5, 9 and 13) to assess the concentration (ng/mL) plasma P4 and measure the body volume luteum (CL). There was interaction between treatment with P4LA-900 and time (P = 0.001) and treatment with hCG and time for plasma concentration of P4. Animals treated with P4LA-900 presented greater P4 concentration during Days 5 and 9. On the other hand, animals treated with hCG had greater P4 concentration on Day 9. For the CL volume, an interaction was observed between treatment with hCG and time (P=0,002). Animals treated with hCG (P4LA-900+hCG and hCG groups) resulted in greater CL volume during Days 9 and 13 compared to the experimental groups not treated with hCG (Control and P4LA-900 groups). In experiment 3, 982 dairy Holstein cows previously submitted to FTAI were randomly assigned to one of four experimental groups, similar to those described in Experiment 2 [Control (n = 250); P4LA-900 (n = 245); hCG (n = 237) and P4LA-900 + hCG (n = 250)]. The conception rate after 30 days was higher in P4LA TAI-900 (P = 0.002), but no effect was seen with treatment with hCG (P = 0.20) or with P4LA + hCG interaction (P = 0.71). Conception rates at 60 days, as well as pregnancy loss between 30 and 60 days after TAI were not affected by treatments (P4LA-900 or hCG). There was an interaction between treatment and farm on conception rates at 30 (P = 0.001) and 60 days (P = 0.006). Still there was interaction between treatment with P4LA-900 and period of the year (warm vs not hot) on conception rates at 30 (P = 0.04) and 60 (P = 0.07) days after TAI. The positive effect of treatment with P4LA-900 on conception rate was observed when females were inseminated during the warm season. Thus, it is concluded that treatment with P4LA-900 in high producing Holstein females inseminated at fixed time was positive for pregnancy rate at 30, especially during the warm period of the year. Additionally, the hCG treatment increased de P4 concentration, however, no positive effect was verified for the conception rate.

A progesterona (P4) apresenta papel fundamental nos processos de estabelecimento e manutenção da gestação em fêmeas bovinas. A manipulação deste esteroide em momentos estratégicos durante programas de sincronização da ovulação pode aumentar o sucesso gestacional, especialmente em vacas leiteiras de alta produção devido a alta metabolização hepática de esteroides. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a administração de P4 injetável de longa ação (P4LA), associado ou não ao tratamento com hCG, sobre a função luteínica e taxa de concepção de vacas leiteiras de alta produção. Para tanto, três experimentos foram realizados. Experimento 1, 12 dias após a ovulação sincronizada (-24 h), 29 vacas da raça Holandesa em lactação (fêmeas com P4 plasmática inferior a 1ng/mL) receberam um implante auricular de norgestomet e 500µg Cloprostenol Sódico (i.m.). Após 24h (0h), as fêmeas foram aleatoriamente distribuídas em um de quatro grupos experimentais: Controle (n=8), fêmeas sem tratamento adicional; e P4LA-300 (n=7), P4LA-600 (n=7) e P4LA-900 (n=7), fêmeas tratadas com 300, 600 e 900 mg de P4LA i.m., respectivamente. A P4 plasmática foi determinada a cada 24h totalizando 216 h. Verificou-se interação entre tratamento e tempo (P=0,002). As fêmeas tratadas com 900 mg de P4LA apresentaram maior P4 circulante durante todo o período experimental, enquanto as fêmeas tratadas com 300 e 600 mg de P4LA apresentaram superioridade somente nas primeiras 24 e 48h após o tratamento, respectivamente. No experimento 2, 3 dias após o momento esperado da IATF (Dia 3), 75 fêmeas da raça Holandesa em lactação foram alocadas em um de quatro grupos experimentais: Controle (n=20), fêmeas sem tratamento adicional; P4LA-900 (n=18), fêmeas receberam 900mg de P4LA i.m.; hCG (n=19), fêmeas receberam 2.000UI de hCG i.m.; P4LA-900+hCG (n=18), fêmeas receberam ambos os tratamentos, concomitantemente. Após o tratamento, amostras de sangue foram coletadas (Dias 3, 5, 9, 13 e 17) e exames ultrassonográficos foram realizados (Dias 5, 9 e 13) para avaliar a concentração (ng/mL) plasmática de P4 e mensurar o volume do corpo lúteo (CL). Verificou-se interação entre o tratamento com P4LA-900 e tempo (P=0,0001) e entre o tratamento com hCG e tempo (P=0,05) para concentração de P4 plasmática. Os animais tratados com P4LA-900 apresentaram maior concentração de P4 nos Dias 5 e 9. Enquanto que animais tratados com com hCG apresentaram maior concentração de P4 no Dia 9. Para o volume do CL observou-se interação entre o tratamento com hCG (P=0,002) e tempo. Animais tratados com hCG (P4LA-900+hCG e hCG) apresentaram maior volume do CL nos Dias 9 e 13 em relação aos grupos não tratados com hCG (controle e P4LA-900). No experimento 3, 982 vacas leiteiras da raça Holandesa previamente submetidas a IATF foram aleatoriamente distribuídas em um de quatro grupos experimentais, semelhantes aos descrito no Experimento 2 [Controle (n=250); P4LA-900 (n=245); hCG (n=237) e P4LA-900+hCG (n=250)]. A taxa de concepção aos 30 dias após IATF foi superior no grupo P4LA-900 (P=0,002). No entanto, nenhum efeito foi observado para o tratamento com hCG (P = 0,20) ou interação P4LA-900 e hCG (P =0,71). As taxas de concepção aos 60 dias, bem como de perda gestacional entre 30 e 60 dias pós IATF não foram influenciadas pelos tratamentos (P4LA-900 ou hCG). Houve interação entre tratamento com P4LA-900 e fazenda sobre a taxas de concepção aos 60 dias (P=0,09). Ainda observou-se interação entre o tratamento P4LA-900 e a época do ano (quente vs. não quente), sobre as taxas de concepção aos 30 (P = 0,04) e aos 60 (P = 0,07) dias após a IATF. Verificou-se efeito positivo do tratamento com P4LA-900 durante a época quente do ano. Desta forma, conclui-se que o tratamento de com P4LA-900 em fêmeas de alta produção da raça Holandesa inseminadas em tempo fixo foi positivo para taxa de concepção aos 30 dias, principalmente durante a época quente do ano. O tratamento com hCG aumentou as concentrações de P4 após o tratamento, entretanto, não foram observados efeitos positivos na taxa de concepção. / Progesterone (P4) has a key role in the establishment and maintenance processes of pregnancy in cows. The modulation of this steroid at strategic times during ovulation synchronization programs can increase pregnancy success, especially in high-producing dairy cows. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the administration long-acting injectable P4 (P4LA) on luteal function and conception rate of high producing dairy cows. Therefore three experiments were performed. In Experiment 1, 12 days after synchronized ovulation (-24h), 29 Holstein cows in lactation (with plasma P4 less than 1 ng / mL) were given a norgestomet implant and 500µg Cloprostenol Sodium (i.m.). After 24 hours (0h), females were randomly assigned to one of four groups: control (n = 8), females without further treatment and P4LA-300 (n = 7), P4LA-600 (n = 7) and P4LA -900 (n = 7) females treated with 300, 600 and 900 mg P4LA i.m., respectively. After treatment, the plasma P4 was determined every 24 hours until 216 hours. There was an interaction between treatment and time (p = 0.002). The females treated with 900 mg of P4LA showed higher P4 concentration during the entire experimental period, while females treated with 300 and 600 mg had greater P4 concentration during the first 24 e 48 h after treatment, respectively. In experiment 2, three days after synchronized ovulation (Day 3), 75 female Holstein lactating were assigned to one of four groups: control (n = 20), females without further treatment; P4LA-900 (n = 18), females received 900mg of P4LA i.m.; hCG (n = 19), females received hCG 2.000UI im; P4LA-900 + hCG (n = 18), females received both treatments simultaneously. After treatment, blood samples were collected (Days 3, 5, 9, 13 and 17) and ultrasound examinations were conducted (Days 5, 9 and 13) to assess the concentration (ng/mL) plasma P4 and measure the body volume luteum (CL). There was interaction between treatment with P4LA-900 and time (P = 0.001) and treatment with hCG and time for plasma concentration of P4. Animals treated with P4LA-900 presented greater P4 concentration during Days 5 and 9. On the other hand, animals treated with hCG had greater P4 concentration on Day 9. For the CL volume, an interaction was observed between treatment with hCG and time (P=0,002). Animals treated with hCG (P4LA-900+hCG and hCG groups) resulted in greater CL volume during Days 9 and 13 compared to the experimental groups not treated with hCG (Control and P4LA-900 groups). In experiment 3, 982 dairy Holstein cows previously submitted to FTAI were randomly assigned to one of four experimental groups, similar to those described in Experiment 2 [Control (n = 250); P4LA-900 (n = 245); hCG (n = 237) and P4LA-900 + hCG (n = 250)]. The conception rate after 30 days was higher in P4LA TAI-900 (P = 0.002), but no effect was seen with treatment with hCG (P = 0.20) or with P4LA + hCG interaction (P = 0.71). Conception rates at 60 days, as well as pregnancy loss between 30 and 60 days after TAI were not affected by treatments (P4LA-900 or hCG). There was an interaction between treatment and farm on conception rates at 30 (P = 0.001) and 60 days (P = 0.006). Still there was interaction between treatment with P4LA-900 and period of the year (warm vs not hot) on conception rates at 30 (P = 0.04) and 60 (P = 0.07) days after TAI. The positive effect of treatment with P4LA-900 on conception rate was observed when females were inseminated during the warm season. Thus, it is concluded that treatment with P4LA-900 in high producing Holstein females inseminated at fixed time was positive for pregnancy rate at 30, especially during the warm period of the year. Additionally, the hCG treatment increased de P4 concentration, however, no positive effect was verified for the conception rate.

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / The present research work has as objective the application of Six Sigma DMAIC methodology in the production’s processes, the results will be manifested in increasing the efficiency of the production system and in reducing the delay in order delivery. In a metal mechanic company dedicated to the manufacture of electrical boards which focus is the terraced boards there was presented a fulfillment rate failure to deliver on time 46%. On the other hand, the delivery delay is generated because the current productivity does not supply what is required by the customer, therefore a minimum 394 units per month is needed to meet the requirements but currently only produce 226 units per month. For solve this problem it was proposed that Production model that merges the painting and baking areas and that generates an impact on the entire painting operation.

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Resultat från 3 olika bestånd i Västra Götaland. Åldern på bestånden är 30, 50 och 50 år. Varje provyta var 100 m2. Bestånden har vuxit utan gallring och gödsling och skötts enligt en metod som kallas Hyssnametoden. Syftet med studien var att beskriva, följa upp och utvärdera effekterna av en alternativ skogsskötselmetod. Resultatet av mätningarna visar att volymproduktionen är högre än vad som förväntas i det aktuella området. / Results from three stands of Norway spruce in Vaestra Goetaland in Sweden. The age of the stands are 30, 50 and 50 years old. Each sample area was 100 m2. The stands have grown without any thinning and fertilizer. The maintenance method is called “Hyssnametoden”. The purpose of the study was to describe, follow-up and evaluate the impact of an alternative silvicultural method. The result shows that volume growth is higher than expected in this field.