A steel-scintillator calorimeter has been designed to be used in a 250 GeV photon beam, and consists of approximately 10 nuclear absorption lengths of steel. Its sampling frequency is 1.5" and the sampling medium is 1/4" Kyowa SCSN-61T polystyrene based scintillator. Y7 Kyowa WLS was used to collect light into 8 Hamamatsu R2154 photomultipliers. A monitoring system has been built for the calorimeter. A LSI UV laser pumps a sample of SCSN-61T, which emits light that is subsequently shifted by Y7 and transported to the PM's via jacketted 1 mm acrylic fibers. It simulates the passage of a charged particle. A PIN photodiode also monitors the light output, for cross reference with the PM's. Interspersed among the steel and scintillator, there are 6 PWC's whose purpose is to discriminate between electromagnetic and hadronic showers. Some position information can be gathered. The PWC inter-wire spacing is approximately 1 cm. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.)

Computer simulation is used to study the ability of a proposed silicon-scintillating fiber tracking system for SDC to correctly interpret $Z\sp\prime\to e\sp+e\sp-$ events. Two versions of the Lund Monte Carlo model for inelastic non-diffractive events are compared to existing data and then evaluated at $\sqrt{s}=40$ TeV. We use the two versions to generate the associated particles in $Z\sp\prime\to e\sp+e\sp-$ events and find that the predicted occupancy in the proposed tracking system varies by $\approx$50% between the two versions. The tracking system is able to reconstruct the $e\sp+e\sp-$ tracks with nearly 100% efficiency in either case. We find that the leptonic asymmetry, $A\sb{fb}$ can be accurately measured for $.5\le M\sb{Z\sp\prime}\le 7$ TeV.

We calibrated a leadglass Pb-scintillator photon detector with a positron beam of 30 GeV. The detector consisted of a segmented leadglass counter in front and a Pb-scintillator sandwich counter in the back. The response of the sandwich counter exhibited an exponential dependence on the position of the incident particle. The calibration constants of the leadglass segments were obtained by an iterative method. The results of our analysis showed an energy resolution of $\sigma ({\rm E})\over {\rm E}$ = 24%/$\surd$E. A monitoring system using LED and $\sp{241}$Am sources regularly checked the stability of all modules. A typical photomultiplier's gain factor deviated no more than 6% from the mean value at any time during a period of three months.

The Spin Muon Collaboration was formed to measure the spin dependent structure function $g\sb1$ of both the proton and the neutron. This was done by scattering polarized muons off of polarized protons or deuterons. The results provided a test of three sum rules: the Ellis-Jaffe sum rule for the proton, the Ellis-Jaffe sum rule for the neutron, and the Bjorken sum rule. Two polarimeters were used to measure the beam polarization. The polarimeter discussed in this thesis used elastic scattering from polarized electrons to measure the muon beam polarization. It gave a result in agreement with both the previous measurement using muon decay and a simulation of the beamline. These measurements helped reduce the systematic error on the measurement and improve the measurements of the sum rules. The results from the experiment showed that both Ellis-Jaffe sum rules were violated while the Bjorken sum rule was confirmed.

As part of an eventual experiment to measure the gravitational acceleration of the antiproton, we have designed, constructed and tested an extended-length, harmonic Penning-type ion trap. A distributed-electrode design allows the radial inside dimension to be kept at a minimum (1 $cm$) while extending the axial length to 15 $cm$. In-flight capture of 10-$keV$ protons from a continuous-beam ion source has been achieved. A storage time decay constant of 4.78 $\pm$ 1.25 $s$ has been observed and is shown to be dominated by losses due to collision with the residual gas. Resonant excitation of the axial motion of the trapped ions has demonstrated the harmonicity of the trap in both the linewidth of the resonance and the agreement between observed and calculated frequency of axial motion for protons in the harmonic well. The harmonic quality factor $Q$ = $f$/$\Delta f$ is observed to be 120. Systematic uncertainties allow for agreement of the observed capture efficiency with the expected 100%, although future work will be necessary. Possible future improvements to the system, some already implemented, are mentioned.

Jets produced in high transverse energy proton-nucleus collisions at 400 GeV/c were recorded in a calorimeter study at Fermilab. The jets were identified with two different jet-finding algorithms; the results from the two algorithms agree. For the eight nuclear targets with atomic number, A, ranging from 1 to 207 (H$\sb2$, He, Be, C, Al, Cu, Sn and Pb), the cross section increases as A$\sp{1.35\pm0.01}$ over mean jet pair transverse momentum of 4 to 8 GeV/c. The enhancement, however, depends on the class of jets selected; for example the cross section increases as A$\sp1$ for highly planar high-transverse-momentum jet events and as A$\sp{1.65}$ for non-planar high-transverse-momentum events. Jet properties were studied as a function of jet transverse momentum and A. In general as A increases, the number of particles in the jets increases while their collimation and coplanarity decrease. Also with increasing A, the proton transfers more of its energy into the target fragmentation region instead of the forward or central regions. Multiple scattering models describe nuclear enhancement, however fits to our data require negative coefficients in the higher order terms of the expansion, presenting a challenge to simple multiple scattering models.

We have measured, for the first time, the atomic number dependence of photon-nucleus collisions at high transverse energy. The measurements were made at FNAL by using a large acceptance calorimeter with 50-400 GeV photons incident on LH$\sb2,$ LD$\sb2,$ Be, C, Al, Cu, Sn and Pb targets. The cross section is parameterized as $\sigma\sb{\gamma A} = \sigma\sb{\gamma p}A\sp\alpha,$ where $\alpha$ is found to increase from 0.9 to 1.1 when the total transverse energy $E\sb{T}$ is increased from roughly 6 GeV to 12 GeV; $\alpha$ is also found to increase with the photon energy at fixed $x\sb{T}\equiv E\sb{T}/\sqrt{s},$ but depends only weakly on the photon energy at fixed $E\sb{T}.$ The increase of $\alpha$ with total transverse energy is qualitatively consistent with previous measurements from the hadron-nucleus collisions, but our $\alpha$ values are somewhat lower. At high transverse energy, photon induced collisions are found to be more jet-like than pion induced collisions, revealing the point-like nature of the photons at high $E\sb{T}.$ The mean planarity in $\gamma A$ collisions is independent of A in the kinematic range covered by this experiment.

The origin of spin effects in inclusive particle production at high energies is still a puzzle. Various experiments since 1976, when large values of polarization were observed in inclusive $\Lambda$ production (BUN76), have yielded measurements for the polarization P, of the baryon octet members, analyzing power A, for $\Lambda$, $\Sigma\sp{0}$, the pions and K$\sb{s}$ and depolarization parameter D for $\Lambda$ production. In an ongoing effort to understand the dynamics of the phenomenon we have carried out an experiment to measure P, A and D parameters for inclusively produced $\Sigma\sp{0}$'s. We were also able to measure A for K$\sb{s}$ production which is in good agreement with an earlier measurement (BON88). We find that the polarization for $\Sigma\sp{0}$'s is 23.0 $\pm$ 13.0% also in good agreement with an earlier measurement of 28.0 $\pm$ 13.0% (DUK87). The analyzing power and depolarization are A = 1.8 $\pm$ 5.5% and D = 26.0 $\pm$ 16.0% averaged over all the data with x$\sb{\rm F}\ >$ 0.2. Comparing the results with a phenomenological model we find that the A and D values differ considerably from the predictions. This model is based on ideas from parton fragmentation-recombination models and uses SU(6) symmetry for the wavefunctions. The transition amplitudes are parameterized by parameters $\epsilon,\ \epsilon\sp\prime,\ \delta$, and $\delta\sp\prime$ in such a way that fast quarks preferentially recombine with spin up and slow quarks with spin down. We have extended this model by allowing partial transfer of common valence quarks between the beam particle and the final state. Thus, whereas in the original version p $\to\ \Sigma\sp{0}$ could proceed only by (ud) diquark transfer now it is enhanced by u and d single quark transfer. Another extension to the model is the inclusion of finite probability of transversity spin flip (XSF) during recombination. By fitting the ratio of the production cross sections for $\Lambda$'s and $\Sigma\sp{0}$'s we obtain a single XSF probability of p = 0.34%. With these modifications the predictions for A and D in $\Sigma\sp{0}$ production are 5.6% and 33% respectively in excellent agreement with the experimental values. With the inclusion of XSF, the analyzing power for p $\to\ \pi\sp{+}$ and p $\to\ \pi\sp{-}$ also come into agreement.

We have studied the response of a lead glass electromagnetic shower detector by using an electron beam of 1 and 2 GeV. We present the results obtained from a study on position resolution of the detector. The stability of the calibration was monitored by using an LED system and an Am-source system. The position resolution varies for clusters with the number of blocks in the cluster. The average resolution is 2cm. The detector was used in a "mock" experiment to reconstruct the $\pi\sp0$ mass by measuring the two photons coming from $\pi\sp0$ decay. We measure a mass of 135.5 $\pm$ 12.5 MeV for the $\pi\sp0$. The actual mass of the $\pi\sp0$ from the particle data booklet is 134.96. The width of the $\pi\sp0$ mass, which is a test of the energy resolution of the detector, gives 18%/$\surd$E.

The analyzing power, A, in inclusive $\pi\sp0$ production by a polarized proton beam at 185 GeV/c was found to be 0.10 $\pm$ 0.03 for $\langle$x$\sb{\rm F}\rangle$ = 0.52 and $\langle$p$\sb{\rm T}\rangle$ = 0.8 Gev/c. The $\pi\sp0$'s were detected using a combined lead-glass, lead-scintillator photon absorption calorimeter constructed at the Bonner Lab. Using a simple parton recombination model applied to spin parameter measurements, A$\sb{\rm N}$ = 0.19 $\pm$ 0.02 for this reaction. Since the measured A is consistent with this model, it suggests that the leading quark in a high energy scattering reaction retains the transversity of the incident proton. This can be generalized to suggest that a valence quark model can be used to describe the spin of the proton in certain kinematic regions. A polarized antiproton beam was also produced and A was observed to be nonzero but with low statistics due to short running time. These results show that spin effects continue to be present and have importance at the highest measured energies.