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This thesis describes a high field two mode superferric dipole magnet for particle accelerators. At low field it behaves as a ferric magnet while at high field as a ${\rm cos}\theta$ magnet. It retains the advantages of a low field ferric magnet: substantial superconductor saving, easy fabrication and reliable operation. While it can go up to any field (limited by superconductor critical current) like a ${\rm cos}\theta$ magnet, the use of rectangular rather than radial geometry allows elimination of keystoning of the superconductor. The mechanical stability is also significantly improved over a ${\rm cos}\theta$ magnet by introducing inner support and horizontal preload.

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The total cross section difference for pp and pd scattering in initial spin states transverse to the beam direction was measured at beam momenta of 1.23, 1.38, 1.52, 1.72, 2.00, 2.24, and 2.48 GeV/c. This measurement was done in a standard transmission experiment. The pp data is in agreement with TRIUMF and LAMPF measurements below 1.5 GeV/c, and agrees with previous measurements above 1.5 GeV/c, which show peaks in the structure of (DELTA)(sigma)(,T) at 1.2 and 2.0 GeV/c. The first measurement of the cross section difference for pd scattering in transverse spin states permits the extraction of (DELTA)(sigma)(,T) for pn scattering and for the I = 0 NN system. The quantity (DELTA)(sigma)(,T)(I = 0) has a peak at 1.5 GeV/c which is of the same strength as the structure in (DELTA)(sigma)(,L)(I = 0) at the same beam momentum.

Fifth-order differential cross sections, (DIAGRAM, TABLE OR GRAPHIC OMITTED...PLEASE SEE DAI) have been measured for the reaction n+p(--->)p+p+(pi)('-) at an incident neutron energy of 790 (+OR-) 5 MeV. The experiment was performed at the Clinton P. Anderson Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF). Kinematically complete data were obtained at eleven angular settings spanning the available phase space. Both kinematic loci were detected at five of the settings while only the large phase space locus was detected for the other six angles. The protons were detected by MWPC counters on two spectro-meter arms which measured the vector momenta, P(' )=(' )(P,(theta),(phi)) for the scattered protons. The measured cross sections have been combined with earlier measurements of the p+p(--->)p+p+(pi)(DEGREES) reaction at 800 MeV to extract estimates of the magnitudes of the non-resonant scattering amplitudes, (VBAR)A(,01)(VBAR) and (VBAR)A(,11)(VBAR), as a fraction of the resonant amplitude (VBAR)A(,13)(VBAR). More accurate calculations of the amplitudes await a theory that can describe the differential cross sections for these reactions.

The density matrix elements and their polarization correlations have been measured for the reaction pp(--->)p(pi)('+)n with a polarized proton beam (both transverse and longitudinal) of 1.18, 1.47, 1.70, and 1.98 GeV/c incident upon a liquid hydrogen target. The scattered particles were detected by the Argonne Effective Mass Spectrometer, which consisted of spark chambers, a trigger hodoscope, a SCM-105 dipole magnet, two cylindrical multiwire proportional chambers surrounding the target and used as a vertex detector, and veto counters. The forward particle ((pi)('+) or p) was required to traverse the spectrometer, which measured its angles and momentum. The recoil particle ((pi)('+) or p) was usually detected by the vertex detector which measured its angles, but some recoils were forward enough so that they could be momentum analyzed by the spectrometer. The neutron was undetected. The p(pi)('+)n final states were separated from the significant background reactions (pp(--->)pp, pp(--->)d(pi)('+), and pp(--->)pp(pi)('0)). The two body final states were easily identified and eliminated by their distinctive kinematics. The three body final states were classified by a zero constraint fit (one constraint if both charged particles were momentum analyzed). All events which satisfied the pp(--->)pp(pi)('0) hypothesis were eliminated. The angular distributions of the pp(--->)p(pi)('+) events were fit by a maximum likelihood technique to the spherical harmonics (m (LESSTHEQ) 2, l (LESSTHEQ) 2), which are simply related to the density matrix elements. Since the reaction pp(--->)p(pi)('+)n proceeds predominantly via the intermediate reaction pp(--->)(DELTA)('++)n(--->)p(pi)('+)n, the density matrix formalism for (DELTA)('++) production (spin 3/2) was used. The data showed a remarkably smooth momentum dependence, with the exception of a striking change in the spin up/down (DELTA)('++) production asymmetry between 1.18 and 1.47 GeV/c. The asymmetry changes from a value of (TURN)0.4 in the central region (cos(THETA)(,(DELTA))(TURN)0) to a value near -0.1 between 1.18 and 1.47 GeV/c. At the present time, there are not any theoretical models for this data that are able to produce good fits. The data showed good agreement with other experiments that could be compared to ours. In addition, a preliminary analysis suggests that the value of the pp(--->)d(pi)('+) asymmetry is a manifestation of a final state interaction with pp(--->)p(pi)('+)n as the intermediate state.

The cloudy bag model introduces a fundamental scalar field taken to be the pion into the MIT bag Lagrangian so as to restore chiral invariance to the theory. One also acquires the capability of calculating pion-baryon interaction quantities such as decay widths and coupling constants. In this work we review the MIT and cloudy bag formalism. We calculate the (DELTA)(DELTA)(pi) coupling constant and show that it disagrees with the single experimental determination of f(,(DELTA)(DELTA)(pi)). We also investigate the N('*)(1470) in the context of the cloudy bag theory. We use gluonic and pionic self-energy terms to mix the two orthogonal SU(6) N('*) states. After correcting the masses for spurious center-of-mass motion we obtain excellent agreement with those found in Ayed's two level phase shift analysis of (pi)N scattering in the N('*) region. A calculation of N('*)(--->)N(pi) and N('*)(--->)(DELTA)(pi) partial widths is also in good agreement with those of Ayed. Finally, we show that the bag theory predicts the existence of 3 quark + 1 gluon bound states. There are two degenerate low-lying such states, with zeroth-order masses near those of the N('*) and with quantum numbers of the nucleon, which we call "gluonic nucleons" (N('G)). We discuss preliminary results of cloudy bag calculations of the N('G) decay widths into the N(pi) channel. These results indicate that after gluon and pion exchange effects split the two states, the lower mass N('G) would be invisible in a (pi)N scattering experiment while the higher state is a viable candidate for the P(,11)(1710) resonance.

The transverse spin dependence of the proton-proton total cross-section, (DELTA)(sigma)(,T), the difference between the proton-proton total cross-sections for protons in anti-parallel and parallel transverse spin states, was measured from 300 MeV to 800 MeV at LAMPF (Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility). The detectors, ionization chambers, had current- and position-dependent responses which resulted in large systematic dependences in the data. These dependences were removed by means of a multiple regression technique. In the course of a (DELTA)(sigma)(,T) measurement at a particular energy, radiation damage caused the target polarizability to decrease by as much as 30%. To correct for this effect, elastic scattering measurements were made before and after the (DELTA)(sigma)(,T) measurements at each energy to establish a calibration factor for the NMR target polarization monitor. Cancellation of systematic errors was also achieved through randomization. Randomization of the data with respect to systematic errors was achieved by periodically reversing the target polarity. Systematic errors due to causes such as single-spin asymmetry and varying beam and target polarizations cancel when the positive and negative target polarity data are averaged. A sharp peak, found at 2.14 GeV center of mass energy, the mass of the proposed ('1)D(,2) dibaryon resonance, is confirmed by data taken by other groups using substantially different types of equipment {AXE81, BYS81, DIT83}. Data taken previously at the Argonne ZGS (Zero Gradient Synchrotron) show a peak at 2.43 GeV center of mass energy, the mass of the proposed ('1)G(,4) dibaryon. When the data sets are combined with (DELTA)(sigma)(,L) data {AUE81} to form the triplet projector {LOC83} a third peak is revealed at 2.22 GeV center of mass energy, the mass of the proposed ('3)F(,3) dibaryon resonance. As no theory or phase-shift analysis completely describes the structure in (DELTA)(sigma)(,T), the data should provide theorists with a testing ground for candidate strong interaction theories.