Orientador: Marcelo dos Santos Pereira / Banca: Marcelino Pereira Nascimento / Banca: Rosinei Batista Ribeiro / Resumo: Este projeto é um estudo do efeito springback em quatro tipos de aços de alta resistência, sendo estes bifásico, baixo carbono, endurecível após pintura e com interstícios livres, aplicados atualmente como matéria-prima na produção de veículos. Neste contexto está inserido o desenvolvimento de novos aços avançados de alta resistência em consonância com o projeto ULSAB-AVC, que visa à produção de veículos seguros e econômicos para o século 21. A caracterização mecânica do efeito springback foi realizada por intermédio de ensaio de conformação mecânica, denominado dobramento de três pontos ao ar, como uma adaptação ao ensaio de flexão cilíndrica livre. Foram avaliadas também as propriedades mecânicas do material definidas pelo ensaio de tração, objetivando a determinação da resistência à tração, do limite de escoamento e do alongamento. Além disso, foi avaliada a caracterização microestrutural dos aços avançados, identificando e quantificando-se as fases presentes em coexistência por meio do processamento digital de imagens. Os resultados mostram que o efeito springback no aço bifásico, devido à sua alta resistência mecânica, apresenta as maiores taxas de springback e causa uma diminuição na "razão de aspecto" dos grãos que sofreram conformação mecânica e tentaram retornar às suas formas originais. Aços de baixo carbono e endurecíveis após a pintura, não sofrem efeito springback suficiente para causar alteração na forma dos grãos, sendo que a variação da "razão de aspecto" depende da combinação do alongamento e resistência mecânica destes aços. Já o aço com interstícios livres, devido a sua menor resistência mecânica, o efeito springback apresenta as menores taxas e a variação da razão de aspecto depende somente da capacidade de alongamento desse aço / Abstract: This is a study of the springback effect on four kinds of high strength steel, wich are dual-phase, low carbon, bake hardening and interstitial free, currently used as feedstock in the production of vehicles. In this context is inserted the development of new advanced high steel resistance in accordance with the project ULSAB-AVC, which aims to produce safe and economical vehicle for the 21st century. The mechanical characterization of the springback effect was performed by means of a test of mechanical conformation, called three-point air bending, done by adapting to unconstrained cylindrical bending test. Were also evaluated the mechanical properties of material defined by the tensile test, in order to determine the tensile strength, yield strength and the elongation. Furthermore, was performed the microstructural characterization of advanced steels by identificating and quantificating of present phases in coexistence by means digital image processing. The results indicates that the springback effect in dual-phase steel, due to its high mechanical strength, has the highest springback rates and causes a decrease in the "aspect ratio" of the grains that suffered mechanical conformation attempting to return to its original forms. Low carbon and bake hardening steels, have not enough springback effect to cause change in the shape of the grains and the change of the "ratio aspect" depends on the combination of both elongation and mechanical strength of these steels. Yet on the interstitial free steel, due to its lower mechanical strength, the springback effect has the lowest rates and the change in "aspect ratio" depends only on elongation capacity of the steel / Mestre

Orientador: Antonio Jorge Abdalla / Banca: Marcelo dos Santos Pereira / Banca: José Vitor Candido dos Santos / Banca: Leonardo Fanton / Banca: Rafael Humberto Mota de Siqueira / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar e comparar a resistência mecânica da união de aços dissimilares, o aço Maraging 300 com o aço 300M-ESR pelos processos de soldagens autógenas a Plasma (Plasma Arc Welding - PAW) e a Laser (Laser Beam Welding - LBW). As juntas foram submetidas à avaliação da resistência mecânica através de ensaios de tração e de dureza Vickers (HV) no cordão de solda e zona termicamente afetada. Foram também realizadas análises químicas e metalográficas das juntas soldadas, correlacionando a microestrutura com as propriedades observadas. Em ambos os processos foram aplicados tratamentos térmicos antes e após as soldagens, com o objetivo de endurecer os materiais e procurando aproximar a dureza de ambos os aços e da zona fundida (ZF) e zona termicamente afetada pelo calor (ZTA). Foram realizados vários testes com tempos e temperaturas para se definir quais eram os melhores tratamentos térmicos adotados para a equalização das propriedades mecânicas. Os tratamentos térmicos aplicados após a solda mostraram-se convenientes para o nivelamento dos valores das durezas, somente exibindo poucas perdas nas ZTAs dos aços Maraging. Com a aplicação destes tratamentos também foi possível notar uma equalização nas resistências à tração, em torno de 1300 MPa e aumentos consideráveis das mesmas, comparado com a mesma condição sem tratamento. As soldas mostraram-se eficientes para a união das chapas, porém, em algumas situações da soldagem a Laser, apresentou pequenas falhas,... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objective of this work is to evaluate and compare the mechanical strength of welded joints made of the dissimilar steels such as Maraging 300 steel with 300M-ESR steel by the autogenous Plasma Arc Welding (PAW) and Laser welding process (LBW). The joints were submitted to the mechanical strength evaluation by tensile test and hardness Vickers (HV) at the weld bead and thermally affected zone. Chemical analysis and metallographic analysis of the welded joints were also performed, correlating the microstructure observed with the properties. In both processes, heat treatments were applied before and after welding, with the objective of at harden the materials and seeking to approximate the hardness of both steels and the fusion zone and heat affected zone. Several tests were carried using different times and temperatures to determine which ones were the best heat treatments to be adopted aiming the equalization of mechanical properties. The heat treatments applied after welding proved to be convenient for the leveling of the hardness values, only showing few losses in the HAZs of the Maraging steels. Applying of these treatments, it was also possible to note the equalization of tensile strengths, around 1300 MPa and considerable increases of the same, compared to the same condition without treatment. The welds showed to be efficient for the joining of the plates, however, in some situations the Laser welding presented small flaws, such as presence of pores, in the weld beads... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

The production of advanced high strength steels (AHSS) for use in the automotive and construction industries requires complex control of runout table (ROT) cooling. Advanced high strength steels require coiling at temperatures below 500 °C in order to produce a complex multi-phase microstructure. The research described here will investigate the boiling conditions that occur for moving plate experiments when steel is cooled towards low coiling temperatures. Experiments were performed on a pilot-scale ROT located at the University of British Columbia using industrially supplied steel plates. Tests were performed for four different speeds (0.3, 0.6, 1.0 and 1.3 m/s) and three different initial plate temperatures(350, 500 and 600 °C). Each plate was instrumented with thermocouples in order to record the thermal history of the plate. The results show that cooling is more effective at slower speeds within the stagnation zone for surface temperatures over 200 °C. Outside the stagnation zone regardless of speed cooling is primarily governed by air convection and radiation with minor effects from latent heat caused by splashing water. The maximum peak heat flux value increases with decreasing speed and occurs at a surface temperature of approximately 200 °C, regardless of speed. Below a surface temperature of 200 °C, speed has a negligible effect on peak heat flux. The maximum integrated heat flux seems to vary with speed according to a second order polynomial.

Recycling has proven not only to address today’s economical, environmental and social issues, but also to be imperative for the sustainability of human technology. The current thesis has investigated the feasibility of a new philosophy for Recycling (Alloying-Recycling) using steel 1020 and aluminum 6061T6. The study was limited to the metallurgical aspects only and has highlighted the potential of recycled alloys made of recycled aluminum and steel to exhibit substantially increased wear resistance and strength-to-weight ratio as compared to initial primary materials. Three alloy-mixtures are considered: TN3 (5wt% 1020 +95wt% 6061T6); TN5 (0.7wt% 1020 + 99.3wt% 6061T6); and TN4 (10wt% 6061T6 + 90wt% 1020). A Tucker induction power supply system (3kW; 135-400 kHz) is used to melt the alloy mixtures for casting in graphite crucibles. Heat treatment of the cast samples is done using a radiation box furnace. Microscopy, Vickers hardness and pin-on-disc abrasive wear tests are performed. Casting destroyed the initial microstructures of the alloys leading to a hardness reduction in the as-cast and solution heat-treated aluminum rich samples to 60 Hv from 140 Hv. Ageing slightly increased the hardness of the cast samples and provided a wear resistance two times higher than that of the initial 6061T6 material. On the steel rich side, the hardness of the as-cast TN4 was 480 Hv, which is more than twice as high as the initial hardness of steel 1020 of 202 Hv; this hints to strong internal and residual stress, probably martensite formation during fast cooling following casting. Solution heat treatment lowered the hardness to the original value of steel 1020, but provided about ten (10) times higher wear resistance; this suggests higher ductility and toughness of normalised TN4 as compared to 1020. In addition, TN4 exhibits about 25% weight reduction as compared to 1020. The actual recycling process and the effect of non-metallic impurities shall be investigated in future works. Also, the casting and heat treatment processes need to be improved.

Recycling has proven not only to address today’s economical, environmental and social issues, but also to be imperative for the sustainability of human technology. The current thesis has investigated the feasibility of a new philosophy for Recycling (Alloying-Recycling) using steel 1020 and aluminum 6061T6. The study was limited to the metallurgical aspects only and has highlighted the potential of recycled alloys made of recycled aluminum and steel to exhibit substantially increased wear resistance and strength-to-weight ratio as compared to initial primary materials. Three alloy-mixtures are considered: TN3 (5wt% 1020 +95wt% 6061T6); TN5 (0.7wt% 1020 + 99.3wt% 6061T6); and TN4 (10wt% 6061T6 + 90wt% 1020). A Tucker induction power supply system (3kW; 135-400 kHz) is used to melt the alloy mixtures for casting in graphite crucibles. Heat treatment of the cast samples is done using a radiation box furnace. Microscopy, Vickers hardness and pin-on-disc abrasive wear tests are performed. Casting destroyed the initial microstructures of the alloys leading to a hardness reduction in the as-cast and solution heat-treated aluminum rich samples to 60 Hv from 140 Hv. Ageing slightly increased the hardness of the cast samples and provided a wear resistance two times higher than that of the initial 6061T6 material. On the steel rich side, the hardness of the as-cast TN4 was 480 Hv, which is more than twice as high as the initial hardness of steel 1020 of 202 Hv; this hints to strong internal and residual stress, probably martensite formation during fast cooling following casting. Solution heat treatment lowered the hardness to the original value of steel 1020, but provided about ten (10) times higher wear resistance; this suggests higher ductility and toughness of normalised TN4 as compared to 1020. In addition, TN4 exhibits about 25% weight reduction as compared to 1020. The actual recycling process and the effect of non-metallic impurities shall be investigated in future works. Also, the casting and heat treatment processes need to be improved.

The focus of this research is the development of high strength, high conductivity copper films. Pure copper is soft and traditional strengthening mechanisms cause substantial decrease in conductivity. To address the challenge, epitaxial nanotwinned copper films are synthesized on HF etched Si (110) substrates. These films show high hardness (~ 2.8 GPa) due to high density of coherent twin boundaries (CTBs) which effectively block the motion of dislocations similar to grain boundaries (GBs). Resistivity of CTBs is calculated to be an order of magnitude lower than that of GBs. Hence, conductivity of nanotwinned copper is still comparable to that of pure copper. In addition, it is shown that average twin spacing can be controlled by adjusting deposition rate. Analytical studies together with experimental evidence show that nanotwins can improve the strength-to-resistivity ratio significantly in copper. In general, nanocrystalline metals suffer from low ductility. To study plastic deformation via rolling, thick polycrystalline nanotwinned copper foils are sputtered on SiO2 and then peeled off the substrate. Despite the high strength, room temperature rolling experiments show that nanotwinned copper films exhibit stable plastic flow with no shear localization or fracture even at thickness reduction of over 50%. Postdeformation studies of microstructure reveals that the plastic deformation is facilitated by the migration of CTBs normal to the twin boundary plane due to the glide of twinning dislocations in the twin plane. X-ray pole figure measurements show insignificant out of plane rotation as a result of 50% rolling thickness reduction. Thermal stability of nanocrystalline metals is also a concern. Free standing nanotwinned polycrystalline copper films show remarkable thermal stability after annealing at 800 degrees C. The driving force for twin growth is much lower than that for grain coarsening because the energy stored in CTBs is an order of magnitude lower than that of GBs. As a result, the average twin spacing stays below 20 nm after annealing. Such high thermal stability of nanotwins leads to the retention of hardness of 2.2 GPa. Low energy twin boundary may provide a unique way to achieve both high strength and high temperature thermal stability in certain metallic materials.

None

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2001. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 148 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 136-137).

The goal of this study was to revise the development length equation of ACI 318- 05 and to better reflect test results for high-strength concrete. The revision of the equation was accomplished using test results tabulated in the Database 10-2001maintained by ACI committee 408. Equations for development length in ACI 318-05 and ACI 408.3 examined to understand the issues to be considered for revision on the variability of test data. The development length equation in ACI 318-05 was very conservative for [compressive strength of concrete][less than or equal to]14,000 psi based on the experimental data in Database 10-2001 of ACI Committee 408. On the contrary, the ACI 318-05 may be less conservative for high-strength concrete, [compressive strength of concrete] [greater than or equal to]14,000 psi . Thus, modified design equations were proposed to provide realistic values for normal strength concrete and conservatively for high-strength concrete. The ACI 318-05 equation was modified for 1) compressive strength of concrete and 2) confinement as expressed by the term [minimum side cover, cover over the bar or wire, or one-half the center-to-center spacing of the bars or wires] + [contribution of confining reinforcement across potential splitting planes] / [normal diameter of bar] in ACI 318-05. The basic assumption is that bar stress is a linear function of development length, and development length is the length required for bar stresses to reach the yield. / text

published_or_final_version / Civil and Structural Engineering / Master / Master of Philosophy