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Fundamental Insights into the Electrochemistry of Tin Oxide in Lithium-Ion BatteriesBöhme, Solveig January 2017 (has links)
This thesis aims to provide insight into the fundamental electrochemical processes taking place when cycling SnO2 in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Special attention was paid to the partial reversibility of the tin oxide conversion reaction and how to enhance its reversibility. Another main effort was to pinpoint which limitations play a role in tin based electrodes besides the well-known volume change effect in order to develop new strategies for their improvement. In this aspect, Li+ mass transport within the electrode particles and the large first cycle charge transfer resistance were studied. Li+ diffusion was proven to be an important issue regarding the electrochemical cycling of SnO2. It was also shown that it is the Li+ transport inside the SnO2 particles which represents the largest limitation. In addition, the overlap between the potential regions of the tin oxide conversion and the alloying reaction was investigated with photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) to better understand if and how the reactions influence each other`s reversibility. The fundamental insights described above were subsequently used to develop strategies for the improvement of the performance and the cycle life for SnO2 electrodes in LIBs. For instance, elevated temperature cycling at 60 oC was employed to alleviate the Li+ diffusion limitation effects and, thus, significantly improved capacities could be obtained. Furthermore, an ionic liquid electrolyte was tested as an alternative electrolyte to cycle at higher temperatures than 60 oC which is the thermal stability limit for the conventional LP40 electrolyte. In addition, cycled SnO2 nanoparticles were characterized with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to determine the effects of long term high temperature cycling. Also, the effect of vinylene carbonate (VC) as an electrolyte additive on the cycling behavior of SnO2 nanoparticles was studied in an effort to improve the capacity retention. In this context, a recently introduced intermittent current interruption (ICI) technique was employed to measure and compare the development of internal cell resistances with and without VC additive.
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Etude du vieillissement de batteries lithium-ion fonctionnant à haute température par Spectroscopie Photoélectronique à rayonnement X (XPS). / Study of aging mechanisms of lithium-ion batteries operating at high temperature by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy.Bodenes, Lucille 21 December 2012 (has links)
Les accumulateurs lithium-ion occupent aujourd’hui une place prédominante dans le domaine du stockage de l’énergie. Leur fonctionnement et les phénomènes impliqués dans leur vieillissement sont relativement bien connus, aux températures d’utilisation proches de la température ambiante. Cependant, leur utilisation dans le cadre d’applications dites « haute température », telles que le forage pétrolier, la stérilisation « in situ » ou la géolocalisation, nécessite la levée de certains verrous techniques : la stabilité de l’électrolyte et des liants d’électrodes, la compatibilité électrolyte/séparateur, le vieillissement des matériaux et l’évolution des interfaces. Les accumulateurs sélectionnés pour ces travaux de thèse sont constitués d’un matériau lamellaire de type Li(Ni,Mn,Co)O2 pour l’électrode positive, et de graphite pour l’électrode négative. Afin de décrire les phénomènes de vieillissement associés à une telle utilisation, des analyses de surface ont été menées par Spectroscopie Photoélectronique à rayonnement X sur les électrodes issues d’accumulateurs cyclés à haute température. Ces analyses ont permis de mettre en évidence la dégradation du liant de l’électrode positive et l’évolution des interfaces électrodes/électrolyte à 85 et 120°C, et d’améliorer le choix des composants des batteries pour de meilleures performances à haute température. / Nowadays, lithium-ion batteries occupy a prominent place in the field of energy storage. Phenomena involved in their aging mechanisms are quite well known for operating temperatures close to room temperature. However, their use at high temperatures for applications such as oil drilling, "in situ" sterilization or freight tracking requires some technical issues to be improved: stability of the electrolyte and electrode binders, compatibility electrolyte / separator, aging of active materials and changes of the interfaces. The batteries selected for this thesis consist of a Li(Ni,Mn,Co)O2 lamellar material at the positive electrode and graphite at the negative electrode. To describe aging phenomena related to high temperature, surface analyzes were carried out by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy on the electrodes of batteries cycled at 85 and 120°C. These analyzes reveal the degradation of the positive electrode’s binder, and the changes of electrodes/electrolyte’s interfaces at high temperature compared to ambient temperature.
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