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The objective of this study was to identify if women have made statistically significant increases as top-level administrators in institutions of higher education during the period 1983-98. The research focused on the following areas: (1) Have women made significant increases as administrators during 1983-98? (2) Have women made significant increases in their proportion of total administrators during 1983-98 in the following areas: (a) comprehensive institutions, (b) doctoral institutions, (c) liberal arts institutions, and (d) research institutions? (3) Has the proportion of women administrators in private institutions increased significantly more than the proportion of women administrators in public institutions for 1983-98?

In the last decade, private liberal arts universities have experienced financial difficulties requiring the need to raise private funds. The financial viability of these universities depends on the ability of university presidents to raise money; however, challenges remain to carry out this task. To increase fundraising effectiveness at the university being examined, this case study identified skills and practices of 10 university presidents who achieved fundraising success during their tenure, such as the completion of a capital campaign or the growth of the university's endowment. Transformational leadership style traits were considered to determine their alignment with the successful fundraising behaviors identified. The 10 university presidents were selected to participate through referral sampling that identified peers from the professional networks of study participants that met the selection criteria. The presidents were interviewed, and those data were recorded, transcribed, organized, and coded into emerging themes. Results indicated the importance of setting a vision for the university and implementing behaviors that motivated donors to join that vision. Identified skills were practical applications of a leadership style that were grounded in the importance of personal relationships. The study contributes to positive social change by providing skills and behaviors for university presidents to improve their fundraising effectiveness in order to provide increased resources for universities to better carry out their educational mission.

Understanding the importance of resilience in academic performance as it pertains to adult online students is valuable to the people who provide services to, work with, and are a part of the population. The need to develop and enhance social programs that will improve outcomes for students with trauma-related disabilities is beneficial in increasing graduation rates and improving on the time it takes for adult online students to graduate. There is also a need for research focused on students with trauma-related disabilities because the literature in the field was found to be lacking in information. The purpose of the study was to investigate whether resilience level and age are predictors of academic performance among adult online learners with trauma-related disabilities. The data were collected using a demographic questionnaire and an online survey with students at two online universities. This quasi-experimental quantitative study used the post-traumatic growth theory as its theoretical foundation. A total of 110 participants completed the online demographic questionnaire and Resilience Scale. The analysis used a predictive equation of multiple linear regression with students' grade point average as the criterion variable and resiliency and age as predictor variables. The analysis indicated that there was no significant relationship between the variables. The study contributed to positive social change by reviewing the importance of fostering resilience in an academic setting, particularly for adult online students with trauma-related disabilities. Additionally, the study found no implication that age influences resilience, which means further studies do not need to focus on age as a variable in predicting resilience.

The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions that differ among university personnel and students with disabilities regarding the vagueness in the legal definition of the term reasonable accommodations. The theoretical framework that guided this study was the social model of disability. Using a sequential mixed-method design, the first strand surveyed 98 students and 93 personnel; then 10% of each group participated in an interview or focus group. The main research questions explored the different accommodations offered by university personnel versus those that were used by students and the different perceptions of the term reasonable accommodations in accordance with ADA law. A chi-square test was used to analyze yes/no survey data and a t test was used for the Likert scale question. In the first strand there were statistically significant findings in distribution and perception of 35 specific accommodations, including advocacy and counseling. Both focus group and interview data were analyzed and themes emerged, such as specific accommodations. An important finding from the qualitative strand was that more than half the students thought they were not receiving reasonable accommodations while the majority of university personnel thought they provided reasonable accommodations. The key result was the lack of a clear consensus between students with disabilities and university personnel in definitions of reasonable accommodations. Disseminating the results of this research study can create positive social change in the legislative and academic arenas by creating a better understanding of the impact of the current standard of reasonable accommodations. One recommendation is the creation of federal and state level commissions to administer, manage, and maintain policies for colleges.

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