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The Canterbury Earthquake Sequence (CES) of 2010-2011 produced large seismic moments up to Mw 7.1. These large, near-to-surface (<15 km) ruptures triggered >6,000 rockfall boulders on the Port Hills of Christchurch, many of which impacted houses and affected the livelihoods of people within the impacted area. From these disastrous and unpredicted natural events a need arose to be able to assess the areas affected by rockfall events in the future, where it is known that a rockfall is possible from a specific source outcrop but the potential boulder runout and dynamics are not understood. The distribution of rockfall deposits is largely constrained by the physical properties and processes of the boulder and its motion such as block density, shape and size, block velocity, bounce height, impact and rebound angle, as well as the properties of the substrate. Numerical rockfall models go some way to accounting for all the complex factors in an algorithm, commonly parameterised in a user interface where site-specific effects can be calibrated. Calibration of these algorithms requires thorough field checks and often experimental practises. The purpose of this project, which began immediately following the most destructive rupture of the CES (February 22, 2011), is to collate data to characterise boulder falls, and to use this information, supplemented by a set of anthropogenic boulder fall data, to perform an in-depth calibration of the three-dimensional numerical rockfall model RAMMS::Rockfall. The thesis covers the following topics: • Use of field data to calibrate RAMMS. Boulder impact trails in the loess-colluvium soils at Rapaki Bay have been used to estimate ranges of boulder velocities and bounce heights. RAMMS results replicate field data closely; it is concluded that the model is appropriate for analysing the earthquake-triggered boulder trails at Rapaki Bay, and that it can be usefully applied to rockfall trajectory and hazard assessment at this and similar sites elsewhere. • Detailed analysis of dynamic rockfall processes, interpreted from recorded boulder rolling experiments, and compared to RAMMS simulated results at the same site. Recorded rotational and translational velocities of a particular boulder show that the boulder behaves logically and dynamically on impact with different substrate types. Simulations show that seasonal changes in soil moisture alter rockfall dynamics and runout predictions within RAMMS, and adjustments are made to the calibration to reflect this; suggesting that in hazard analysis a rockfall model should be calibrated to dry rather than wet soil conditions to anticipate the most serious outcome. • Verifying the model calibration for a separate site on the Port Hills. The results of the RAMMS simulations show the effectiveness of calibration against a real data set, as well as the effectiveness of vegetation as a rockfall barrier/retardant. The results of simulations are compared using hazard maps, where the maximum runouts match well the mapped CES fallen boulder maximum runouts. The results of the simulations in terms of frequency distribution of deposit locations on the slope are also compared with those of the CES data, using the shadow angle tool to apportion slope zones. These results also replicate real field data well. Results show that a maximum runout envelope can be mapped, as well as frequency distribution of deposited boulders for hazard (and thus risk) analysis purposes. The accuracy of the rockfall runout envelope and frequency distribution can be improved by comprehensive vegetation and substrate mapping. The topics above define the scope of the project, limiting the focus to rockfall processes on the Port Hills, and implications for model calibration for the wider scientific community. The results provide a useful rockfall analysis methodology with a defensible and replicable calibration process, that has the potential to be applied to other lithologies and substrates. Its applications include a method of analysis for the selection and positioning of rockfall countermeasure design; site safety assessment for scaling and demolition works; and risk analysis and land planning for future construction in Christchurch.

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The north eastern region in India represents a legacy of uneven imperial state formation inherited by the Indian nation state. My doctoral dissertation examines British imperialism in the nineteenth century, as it operated in “non-British” spaces of the north east frontier of colonial India. I focus on the historical production and cooption of the Khasi and Jaintiah hills, into a frontier space of the British Empire. I analyse the interconnections between physical transformations, colonial structures of law, and colonial knowledge that produced inhabitants of the autonomous polities, north east of Bengal into “hill tribals”. Law provided a foundational framework through which colonial commercial and military advancement into non-British territories such as the Khasi hills was achieved. The most profound implication of colonial processes was on ruler-subject relations, which accompanied the reconstitution of space and inhabitants’ conceptions of self. The dissertation traces both spatial and imaginative transformations that stripped the groups occupying the Khasi and Jaintiah hills of a political identity. The Khasi tribal subject’s relationship to the governing structures was navigated, and negotiated using a reconstituted notion of custom. This project is more than a history of tribal minorities in India. It addresses the crisis of colonial sovereignty in colonial frontiers, and the nature of imperialism in non-British territories. The dissertation also addresses how the hills and its peoples have long resisted incorporation and integration into totalizing histories of colonial modernity, capitalism and nationalism. Social identities of the diverse communities in the north east of India are articulated through, what I have called narratives of continuity that are both constitutive of and framed against colonial knowledge systems. Critical of the “naturalisation of the association between history and western modernity” and the consequent binaries of past and present, this dissertation analyses indigenous narratives, and the articulation of distinct pasts often inhered in the present. / Thesis (Ph.D, History) -- Queen's University, 2013-10-02 21:24:20.595

The Coyote Hills are located about 46 kilometers north-northwest of Lakeview, Oregon, within the Basin and Range physiographic province. These hills represent a complex volcanic center of bimodal calc-alkaline igneous activity. The oldest rocks recorded in the Tertiary succession are horn-blende- bearing andesite and aphanitic basalt flows, laharic breccias, conglomerates, tuffaceous sandstones, and lithic wackes of the late Eocene to early Oligocene Lower Andesite formation. During middle to early late Oligocene time, voluminous eruptions of predominately basaltic andesite formed a large shield volcano. This unit, the Upper Basalt formation, was followed, after a short hiatus, by the Coyote Hills rhyolite of late Oligocene to early Miocene age. The Coyote Hills rhyolite represents a complex spectrum of multi-phase silicic volcanism and comagmatic near-surface plutonism. Magma compositions varied from dacite to rhyolite and include lava flows, volcanic plugs, a flow dome complex, and a hypabyssal quartz monzonite intrusion. Volcanic activity that post-dates formation of the bimodal Coyote Hills complex culminated with the lower slopes of the shield volcano onlapped by the middle Miocene Steens Basalt, the late middle to early late Miocene Plush tuff, and the late Miocene to early Pliocene Upper basalt. A prominent northwest and northeast-trending fault and fracture system formed after emplacement of the Coyote Hills rhyolite, and as early as late Oligocene to early Miocene in time. Basin and Range faults post-date the Steens Basalt and have caused some minor displacement of the younger rocks. Penecontemporaneous with silicic volcanism of the Coyote Hills rhyolite was a period of hydrothermal activity. Fluids ascended favorable structures, altered the surrounding country rocks, and deposited minor quantities of epithermal gold-silver-copper-mercury-molybdenum(?)- lead(?), and zinc(?) in structurally controlled quartz-pyrite veinlets and as disseminations. Because of the association of mineralization with silicic volcanics in time and space, it is concluded that the two processes were genetically related. The hydrothermal system in the Coyote Hills is related to the late stages of silicic volcanism. Evidence for a genetic relation includes the close association of rock type, and chemical and mineral zonations within the district. Geological and geochemical evidence that includes rock type and alteration patterns, and mineral and trace element zonations, collectively suggest that only the highest level of the hydrothermal system has been exposed. It is entirely possible that a large vein or disseminated-type deposit containing both base and precious metals is present at depth. / Graduation date: 1981

Detta är en kvalitativ och delvis kvantitativ studie med syftet att analysera konsumistiska tendenser i den amerikanska realityserien The Hills utifrån Zygmunt Baumans teorier om konsumtion och konsumism. Frågeställningen lyder: manifesteras en konsumistisk livsstil i The Hills och i så fall hur? Av de drygt 100 avsnitt som finns av The Hills valde vi 18 stycken, tre avsnitt per säsong, att analysera. Analysmetoden inspireras av bland annat Susanna Hornig Priests bok Doing media research: an introduction om kvalitativ innehållsanalys och vi har sedan använt oss av delar från de olika teoriavsnitten. I vår kvantitativa analys har vi använt oss av en tabell som visar hur många minuter och sekunder per avsnitt som spenderas i en viss miljö.  I slutdiskussionen diskuterar vi fritt kring The Hills och hur konsumtion och konsumism yttrar sig i serien. Vårt slutresultat är slutligen att serien egentligen inte skildrar konsumtion men konsumism och förmedlar i sin tur konsumistiska ideal till sina tittare (konsumenter).