A cana-de-açúcar, matéria-prima para a produção de açúcar cristal, é uma das maiores e mais antigas culturas agrícolas exploradas no mundo. O Brasil se destaca como maior produtor de açúcar cristal do mundo, exportando grande parte de sua produção, sendo a indústria de refrigerantes um dos maiores consumidores. No entanto, a composição química do açúcar pode conter inúmeros compostos que promovem a formação de flocos ácidos (ABF), reduzindo a aceitação do produto ao consumidor. Para o açúcar de beterrada o principal composto apontado como precursor dos ABF é a saponina, no entanto não há indícios da relação desse composto para os flocos de açúcar de cana-de-açúcar. A elucidação da característica química dos ABF foi alvo de inúmeros estudos, no entanto, nenhum outro estudo científico coordenou diversas especialidades técnicas no intuito de desmistificar a ampla composição química dos ABF de açúcar de cana-de-açúcar. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar a composição química utilizando diferentes técnicas analíticas, tais como, métodos histoquímicos em microscopia ótica, microscopia de varredura acoplada a espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (MEV/EDS) e espectrometria de massas (Q-ToF e MALDI-MS). Inicialmente foram analisadas 10 tipos de açúcar cristal, quanto a sua composição e formação de flocos ácidos, a fim de correlacionar esses dois parâmetros e os resultados mostraram que todas as amostras de açúcar analisadas apresentaram a formação de flocos, sendo que os parâmetros que mais se relacionaram à sua formação foram a Cor ICUMSA, turbidez e compostos fenólicos. Posteriormente, utilizou-se resina de adsorção optiporeSD-2 para avaliar a retiradas de compostos indesejáveis presentes no açúcar que levam a formação dos ABF, e foi possível observar a eficiência da resina na retirada de compostos que formam os flocos, bem como na retirada de compostos coloridos do xarope de açúcar. A avaliação química dos flocos mostrou que eles são formados por compostos de diferentes classes químicas, uma vez que pelas análises histoquímicas, foi possível observar a presença de tecidos celulares da cana-de-açúcar, tais como, xilema, epiderme, estômatos e parênquimas, na constituição dos flocos ácidos. Os compostos minerais detectados, em maior proporção, pelas análises em MEV/EDS foram silício, alumínio, enxofre e ferro. Através das análises em Q-ToF e MALDI-MS foi possível identificar compostos como p-hidroxibenzaldeído, vanilina, ácido triacontanóico, ácido hexadecanóico, ácido n-octadecanóico e ácido octacosanóico na composição dos flocos. Estes compostos são encontrados em tecidos vegetias, confirmando que os flocos ácidos são formados por partículas de células vegetais de cana-de-açúcar que não são totalmente removidas durante o tratamento do caldo e acabam aderidas ao cristal de sacarose. Confirmando que não há relação entre os ABF e o composto da saponina. Para as análises microbiológicas não houve a detecção de micro-organismos na composição dos flocos analisados. Por fim o pH foi o parâmetro que mais ifluenciou na formação dos ABF. / Sugarcane, the raw material for the production of crystal sugar, is one of the largest and oldest agricultural crops in the world. Brazil stands out as the largest producer of crystal sugar in the world, exporting much of its production to the soft drinks. However, the chemical composition of sugar may contain numerous compounds that promote the formation of acid beverage flocs (ABF), reducing product acceptance. For beet sugar the main compound indicated as precursor of the ABF is saponin, however there are no indications of the relation of this compound to the sugar cane ABF. The elucidation of the chemical characteristics of the ABF has been the subject of numerous studies, however, no other scientific study has coordinated several technical specialties in order to demystify the broad chemical composition of the cane sugar ABF. Initially 10 types of crystal sugar were analyzed for their composition and formation of ABF in order to correlate these two parameters and the results showed that all the sugar samples analyzed presented the formation of ABF, and the parameters that were most related to its formation were the ICUMSA Color, turbidity and phenolic compounds. Subsequently, optipore SD-2 adsorption resin was used to evaluate the removal of undesirable compounds present in the sugar that lead to the formation of ABF, and it was possible to observe the efficiency of the resin in the withdrawal of compounds that form the ABF, as well as in the removal of colored sugar syrup compounds. he chemical evaluation of the ABF showed that they are formed by compounds of different chemical classes, since by histochemical analyzes, it was possible to observe the presence of sugarcane cell tissues, such as xylem, epidermis, stomata and parenchyma, In the constitution of the ABF. The mineral compounds detected, to a greater extent, by the SEM / EDS analysis were silicon, aluminum, sulfur and iron. Through the analyzes in Q-ToF and MALDI-MS it was possible to identify compounds such as p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillin, triacontanic acid, hexadecanoic acid, n-octadecanoic acid and octacosanoic acid in the composition of ABF. These compounds are found in vegetative tissues, confirming that the ABF are formed by particles of sugarcane plant cells that are not totally removed during the treatment of the broth and end up adhered to the sucrose crystal. Confirming that there is no relationship between the ABF and the saponin compound. For the microbiological analyzes, there was no detection of microorganisms in the analyzed ABF composition. Finally, pH was the parameter that most influenced the formation of ABF.

Externe Fixateure werden häufig für die Stabilisierung und Behandlung schwerer Frakturen genutzt. Schraubenkanalinfektionen können dabei zu Komplikationen, wie Osteomyelitis und Stabilitätsverlusten führen. Es ist unklar, ob Schraubenkanalinfektionen zu Schraubenlockerungen führen, oder aber ob der Stabilitätsverlust von Schrauben in Schraubenkanalinfektionen resultiert. Das Ziel dieser Studie ist es, einen Zusammenhang zwischen der mechanischen Stabilität, dem Auftreten von Infektionen und der osseären Verankerung darzustellen. An 27 Schafen wurde eine standardisierte Osteotomie (3mm weiter Frakturspalt) der rechten Tibia durchgeführt und mit einem monolateralem Fixateur externe stabilisiert. Während der täglichen Pinpflege wurde die Haut um die Schraubeneintrittsstellen begutachtet. Radiologische Verlaufskontrollen erfolgten in wöchentlichen Abständen. Nach 3, 6 und 9 Wochen wurden die Tiere getötet, die Ausdrehmomente der Schrauben gemessen und mikrobiologische Abstriche genommen. Knochenschnitte durch die Schraubenkanäle wurden für histologische, histochemische und histomorphometrische Analysen genommen. In dieser Studie scheint es zu einer Zunahme der Stabilisierung der osseären Verankerung während des Heilungsverlaufes zu kommen. Da die kortikale Knochendichte über die Zeit abnimmt, kann die zunehmend stabilere Verankerung der Schrauben einzig über eine gleichzeitige periostale Kallusdichtezunahme erklärt werden. Die größten Ausdrehmomente des neugebildeten periostalen Kallus wurden zum Sechswochenzeitpunkt gemessen. Danach nimmt die periostale Kallusfläche ab, wohingegen die Kallusdichte zunimmt. Die mikrobiologische Besiedelungsrate (15%) war dreifach höher als die klinisch bestätigten Infektionen. Hingegen war die Osteolyserate (28%) doppelt so hoch wie die mikrobiologisch bestätigte Infektionsrate. Eine Korrelation zwischen Infektion, Osteolyse und Pinlockerung konnte nicht gefunden werden. / External fixators are frequently used for the stabilization and the treatment of problematic fractures. Pin track infections have been shown to cause complications such as osteomyelitis and loss of stability of osteosynthesis. It remains unclear, whether pin track infection provokes pin loosening, or loss of the pin stability results in pin track infections. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between the mechanical stability of pins, the incidence of pin track infections and the osseus anchorage of pins. 27 sheep underwent a standardized osteotomy (3 mm gap) of the right tibia. The tibiae were stabilized by a monolateral external fixator. Within the daily pin care routine, the skin around the pin entries was scored. Radiographs were taken at weekly intervals. After 3, 6 and 9 weeks, the animals were sacrificed, the extraction torque of all pins was determined and microbiological analyses were taken. Bone sections through the pintracks were taken for histological, histochemical and histomorphometrical analysis. This study reveals an increasing stability of osseous pinanchorage over the course of healing. As the cortical bone density decreased over time, the increased anchorage-stability of the pins can only be explained by the simultaneous increase of the periosteal callus bone density. The magnitude of the extraction force is determined by the newbuilt periosteal callus, which is at its biggest value at six weeks. Afterwards, the periosteal callus area abates, while the callus bone density accumulates. The microbiologically affirmed infection rate (15%) was three times higher than the one clinical ascertained. In contrast the evidence of osteolysis (28%) was twice as high as the microbiologically diagnosed infection-rate. Despite the low infection rate, evidence of cortical lysis coud not be prevented. No correlation could be found between infection, osteolysis and pin loosening.