Includes bibliographical references (leaves 206-212). / Urban agriculture (UA), defined in this study as the cultivation of crops and the farming of poultry and livestock within city boundaries, is not a new phenomenon. There are noticeable gaps in the literature in respect of Cape Town: a lack of information on the history of the practice and a relative lack of information on the social benefits. Life history interviews were conducted with 30 small-scale, informal UA farmers in the Cape Flats areas of Guguletu, Philippi, Nyanga, KTC and New Crossroads. It was found that UA has been practised in various parts of the Cape Flats since the early 20th century. It was found that Cape Flats farmers have derived and continue to derive a variety of benefits from both the products and the processes of their UA activities, including food security, health and income generation, as well as significant social benefits.

The intention of this dissertation is to fill a gap in a rich and yet under-represented aspect of Indian Ocean slave history. A number of historians have devoted their attention to the history of slave trading on the island of Madagascar; however, most of these focus on either the 17th or the 19th centuries, leaving the 18th century relatively neglected. In addition, these studies are largely in the form of historical surveys, encompassing a temporal span of many decades. Thus, my purpose has been to adopt a different approach to the study of European-initiated slave trading expeditions to Madagascar to those that have preceded it. I have elected to found this study on a close reading of two journals from slave trading vessels that sought slaves for the Cape in Madagascar in the 1760s and the 1770s. In addition, I have incorporated material from my research on a third vessel that I completed for the purposes of my Honours degree. The first two vessels are De Neptunus , which sailed from 1760-1761, and De Zan, which sailed from 1775-1776. The third vessel is the Meermin, which sailed from 1765-1766. I have undertaken a close reading of the journals maintained by the merchants of De Neptunus and De Zan, so as to write a history sensitive to the daily experiences of the slave traders in Madagascar, as well as to the codes and discourse through which this experience was filtered. Regarding the Meermin, I have not examined its actual voyage to Madagascar as such, but have investigated a slave uprising that occurred on the vessel on its return home in 1766. I have organised this dissertation into three chapters, systematised thematically. The first is concerned with the experience of negotiation and trading as it was recorded by the VOC merchants on the vessels, and is drawn predominantly from the first trading encounter of the crew of De Zan when they arrived in Madagascar in 1775. The second explores the predicaments that the European slave traders encountered on the island, predicaments that arose both from cultural misunderstandings and from personal conflict with the Malagasy. I have drawn on episodes from De Zon and De Neptunus to illustrate this theme. In the third and final chapter, I analyse the phenomenon of slave resistance on board slave ships, using a slave uprising that occurred on De Zan while it was still on the coast of Madagascar, and that of the Meermin when it was approaching Cape Agulhas, as two distinct and yet mutually informative examples of this phenomenon. In contrast to the surveys that comprise the majority of the English-language scholarship on slave trading in Madagascar, this dissertation is founded on a close reading of particular episodes, some relatively peaceful, some fraught with tension, some even violent, all of them revealing. In a sense, it is an attempt at a series of micro-narratives that illustrate and detail the historical experience of VOC-slave trading on the island at a particular juncture and from a variety of perspectives. As such, there is more of a focus on character and incident that there is on the economics and materiality of the trade; and it is in this emphasis that this study seeks to find itself a place in the scholarship on this fascinating and multi-layered cultural encounter.

Includes abstract. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 147-155). / The thesis considers the economic performance of South Africa, from the substantial and sustained growth from 1960 to 1974, followed by a period when the South African economy weakened. The Western Cape economy was not reliant on mining, but had a more stable economy relying on agriculture, property and financial services, and later in the period developed high-tech service industries. Business in South Africa suffered punitive rates of tax to pay for the country's apartheid policies. The establishment of the Bantustans as a homeland for the black ethnic groups was a cornerstone of the National Party policy and the cost burden was enormous with the provision of all the trappings of full nationhood. The job reservation policies, which reserved skilled occupations created a skill shortage in the country and towards the end of the period by necessity the policy 'frayed at the edges'. Western Cape business also suffered the impact of the coloured labour preference policy, which was designed to prevent the movement of blacks to the Western Cape.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 68-73). / This thesis explores the ways in which customary law affected the women of the St. Marks district, Transkei between 1940 and 1960. In particular, it examines how women worked within and through customary law and the customary law courts in order to obtain redress for their problems. The thesis discusses the argument that the codification of customary law was the result of collaboration between older African men and colonial administrators and that its effect was to increase and render more rigid the patriarchal control of women. It argues that literature on women and customary law shows that after African customs were codified, their form and content changed in accordance with British administrators' legal and administrative needs. Women's legal and social status was negatively affected. The codified law emphasised the patriarchal aspects of the African custom and reduced women's social status in society. However, the thesis concludes that the question of how far customary law oppressed women has not yet been resolved. Using Customary Law Court Cases and records from the Chiefs Courts, the Native Commissioner Courts and the Native Appeal Courts of St. Marks District in Cofimvaba in Transkei from the late 1930s to the early 1960s, this thesis explores how women viewed themselves in relation to the law and also to the way it was applied by officials in the courts. It also explores and how women negotiated customary law in a bid to deal with the changes in the lives brought about by Christianity, capitalism and migrant labour. Missionary teachings, colonial rule, capitalism and migrant labour were significant social and economic factors that greatly affected the lives of the women of St. Marks. In court, educated women married by Christian rites were able to manipulate and challenge patriarchal values and frustrate men's attempts to prevent their access to property and inheritance or their efforts to demean women in various ways. The thesis shows that African women were not merely victims of customary law. Rather, they found ways of negotiating their agency within the confines of the customary law courts.

Word processed copy.|Bibliography: leaves 64-66. / This thesis acts as a series of 'snapshots' into the meaning of 'wine tourism'. Each chapter of my main body of work looks at a different segment of wine tourism in the Western Cape: a fast growing industry that inherits attributes from both the wine and tourism industries. Themes of landscape and the tourist experience track through these separate snapshots, linking them together. A passion for wine and the drinking of wine would seem to have been an enjoyable pastime passed down from epochs of wine lovers and producers that stood before us in the 'winescapes' of time. While this conception of the wine drinking tradition may be presented to us today, it should be remembered that this might not have been the case in times gone by. Looking back to South Africa and the wine industry in the 1950s where 'wine consciousness' was a real concern for the marketers and makers of wine, we find no such traditions in place. Obstacles to the integration of wine into everyday living came in the form of an avid temperance movement concerned with drunkenness and alcoholism. Over time these obstacles heeded to the power of the wine industry so that increasing emphasis was placed on the role of publicity and marketing of wine. It was perhaps a natural development that wine tourism came to hold particular potential and interest for South African wine producers. The history of wine tourism of the Western Cape is inherently connected to the establishment of our first wine route in Stellenbosch. With a concern for the superiority of the European wine making tradition and landscape, it was only in 1970 that we saw a change in interest to the wine regions and heritage landscapes of our own country. The SteHenbosch wine route was a concept inspired by European example but grounded in local landscape. The significance of the mapping out of this landscape of space into place was a real concern for the wine makers of the regions whose freedom to market and export their wine overseas was severely restricted by legal prohibitions established by the KWV in the 1960s. With the defining of distinct wine regions, came the emphasis of difference of place within the winelands of the Western Cape. Each region has a formula for difference based on some combination of breathtaking scenery, quality wines, first class cuisine, and with increasing frequency the heritage of European roots. The construction of place and landscape identities gives us a sense of the perspective of the marketer and promoter of the wine region. I found it important to explore how this construction of identity of place came to be experienced by and presented to tourists in the present day.

Includes bibliographical references. / "Towards a history of a Senegalese brotherhood in Cape Town" studies the presence of the Muridiyya, or Mouride, order (tariqa) of Senegal in South Africa, the relationships of its members to other Senegalese migrants and to the population of Cape Town. It therefore traces the transformation of the tariqa under new historical and geopolitical circumstances. Methodologically, within the limits of Historical Sciences, this research hasbeen undertaken in the framework of oral history methodology. Following the Introduction and a chapter on the methodological framework, this essay goes on to give a brief historical summary of Islam in Senegal followed by an overview of Sufism and Sufi orders in Senegal, concentrating on the life of the founder of the Muridiyya, Cheikh Amadu Bamba, his teachings, his trials under French colonialism, and the growth in influence of the Muridiyya order as a spiritual and socio-economic group in Senegal. Thereafter it looks at the worldwide spread of the Mouride Diaspora and its characteristics. Then the study concentrates its focus on the Mouride Diaspora to the Western Cape in the context of the general African migration to South Africa and of the historical Muslim presence in the area. Based-on individual interviews of members both of the Muridiyya and the Tijaniyya turuq, and on visits to the dahiras, zawiyas and workplaces of Mourides and Tijanis, it analyses in detail the experience of the group, describing its key features and in particular the twofold spiritual-economic core of the group. It traces the evolution of the group through a period of 14 years and examines the relationship that it has with South African society and with the Muslims of Cape Town in particular. The final section deals with the Mourides' own perception of their contribution to South Africa. In conclusion, this research points out that, thanks to its deeply spiritual and its economic principles, which emphasizes hard work, strong co-operative organization, and the consequent mutual trust among its members, the Muridiyya tariqa has grown and even transformed itself in Cape Town. It is dealing with infighting borne of its new context, and adapting to changing historical circumstances. Moreover, it can be seen as an alternative social way to respond to the difficult challenges that human beings face in our society.

Beauty, in particular, women's beauty, has been a preoccupation of human societies throughout history. Encompassing not only physical appearance, but also aspects of dress and adornment and, in some contexts, more abstract notions like morality and spirituality. notions of beauty are shaped by complex social, cultural and economic considerations. By focusing on specific case studies, this study investigates the history of beauty in Tanzania, taking into account both past and present debates on the role female beauty plays in human relations.

Abdullah Abdurahman is best-known in South African historiography for his four-decade career as the first coloured City Councillor of Cape Town and the President of the African Political Organisation. However, most literature on Abdurahman lack study on the personal and intimate life that animated his politics. Often painted as a tragic narrative of a dynamic man who failed in his struggle against racial segregation in the first half of the twentieth-century, Abdurahman is largely neglected in South African historiography. This project is a partial biography of Abdurahman focused on examining his personal and family life. Research for this project began with the exploration of the well-known Abdurahman collections at the University of Cape Town and Northwestern University and then expanded to include British, American, and Turkish records. This thesis follows a thematic structure, focusing on Abdullah as a son, a doctor, a husband and a father, with a final chapter focusing on Abdullah's many identities. Through the biographical method, this thesis explores the changes and continuities in coloured, Cape Malay, Indian and Muslim politics, attitudes, and identities at the Cape from the mid-nineteenth to mid-twentieth centuries. The complications and nuances brought about by the ways identities intersect with race, gender, class, religion and other ethos are revealed by focusing on the personal and the intimate. Situating Abdullah Abdurahman within global flows of people, ideas, faith communities, and political ideologies, this thesis allows insight into how coloured, middle-class, Muslim families lived in the early twentieth century and the limits of nonracialism and political organisations of the time. By reincorporating Abdurahman's personal and family life into historiography, the influence of affect and emotions in politics, the import of childhood and early political socialisation, and the role of education in producing citizenship and subjectivity rise to the fore. This unveils themes of how political philosophies are generated, challenged, and transmitted between and across generations. This thesis argues for a transnational and trans-generational approach to considering the contributions of marginalised groups in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 116-123). / This thesis examines the social orientations of the members of the Association Young Africa (AYA), and the circumstances that surrounded the founding of the organization at Trafalgar High School. It endeavours to place these elements in their personal lives as students, their arrests and imprisonment on Robben Island, and the very limited developments that followed on the mainland after their release. The research is important because its central focus, the history of the AYA, is unrecorded. Its significance stems from the fact that the AYA was the first militant student group from the Cape to plan action of a violent nature against state oppression.

Includes bibliographical references. / This study examines Drum magazine's journalism from 951 to 1959. Many studies have primarily examined Drum and its role as a vehicle for the "Sophiatown generation" of fiction in the 1950s but this study instead concentrates on Drum's non-fiction reporting. It looks at both Drum's role in the birth of the popular black press and the magazine's complex conceptions of urban life. It argues that Drum's non-fiction promoted a cosmopolitan identity for its urban readers, in direct opposition to the efforts by the apartheid government to "retribralise" black urban residents, but also reflected anxieties about the urban experience. Drum was also one of the first non-partisan black publications to make political news accessible to a mass audience and the study argues that Drum's coverage of black politics has been overlooked and sometimes underestimated.