This research constructs the historical evolution of the Islamic movement in Somalia from 1950 to 2000, focusing on the Islah (Islaax) Movement as a case study. The thesis is divided according to four chronological phases: the Islamic revival, the growth of Islamic consciousness, the Islamic awakening, and the Islamic movements. The first chapter provides background and deals with the revival of the Sufi Brotherhood in the nineteenth century and its encounter with colonialism. The second chapter examines the rise of Islamic consciousness during Somalia's struggle for independence after the return of Italy to Somalia to administer the UN trusteeship in 1950. The third chapter, the Islamic awakening, deals with the early formation of Islamic organizations such as Nahdah, Ahal, and Waxdah and their confrontation with the military regime. This chapter also provides a case study of the secular family law adopted by the military regime in 1975 which fragmented and radicalized the Islamic awakening into Islaax, Takfiir, and Itixaad by the 1980s. The fourth chapter looks at the emergence of the Islamic movements starting in 1978 with the foundation of Islaax. In view of the significance of this organization as a symbol of moderation in turbulent war-torn Somalia, this research focuses on it as a case study in two of its historical periods. In examining the first formative period (1978-1990), the nature of Islaax and its challenges, limitations, achievements, and activities are explored in the context of the military regime, armed oppositions and competing Islamic organizations. The second period (1990-2000) examines the interaction of Islaax with the collapsed state and the impact of the civil war on this movement, culminating in its organizational restructuring in 1992. It further explores the political and social strategies that Islaax implemented in the 1990s, most noticeable in the education sector and the National Reconciliation Conference held in Djibouti in 2000. / Cette recherche construit l'évolution historique du Mouvement islamique en Somalie de 1950 à 2000, en se concentrant sur l'Islah (Islaax) comme étude de cas. Outre le chapitre d'introduction, il est divisé en quatre phases: le renouveau islamique, la conscience islamique, l'éveil islamique, et les mouvements islamiques. La première phase, le renouveau islamique, fournit des renseignements généraux et traite de la renaissance de la Confrérie Sufi dans le XIXe siècle et sa rencontre avec le colonialisme. La deuxième phase porte sur la montée de la conscience islamique pendant la lutte de la Somalie pour l'indépendance après le retour de l'Italie à la Somalie pour administrer la tutelle de l'Onu en 1950. La troisième phase, l'éveil islamique, porte sur la formation des premières organisations islamiques telles que le Nahdah, l'Ahal et le Waxdah et sur leur confrontation avec le régime militaire. L'étude de cas du Droit laïc de la Famille de 1975 est produit comme un moment historique défini avec son impact sur la fragmentation et la radicalisation de l'éveil islamique. À la suite de la proclamation de cette loi, l'Islaax, le Takfiir et le Itixaad apparurent sur la scène de la fin des années 1970 et début des années 1980, en plus d'autres petits groupes, avec différents cadres idéologiques et agendas. La quatrième phase, les mouvements islamiques, a commencé en 1978 lorsque le fondement de l'Islaax a été proclamé. En raison de l'importance de cette organisation comme un symbole de modération dans une Somalie turbulente et déchirée par la guerre, cette recherche se concentre sur l'Islaax comme étude de cas dans deux périodes historiques. En examinant la première période de formation (1978-1990), la nature de l'Islaax ainsi que ses enjeux, ses limites, ses réalisations et ses activités sont explorés dans le cadre du régime militaire et de la concurrence des organisations islamiques. La deuxième période (1990-2000) examine l'interaction de l'Islaax avec l'état effondré et l'impact de la guerre civile sur l'Islaax, qui a abouti par la restructuration de cette organisation en 1992. Depuis lors, l'Islaax a adopté de nouvelles stratégies politiques etsociales mises en oeuvre dans les années 1990, dont les fruits sont visibles dans le secteur en plein essor de l'éducation et de la Conférence de réconciliation nationale à Djibouti en 2000.

The cycle of famine and food insecurity that afflicted much of Northern, Central and Eastern Sudan in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was part of an inter-generational process that fundamentally altered indigenous economic, political and social structures and, in so doing, allowed British imperial agents to conquer the Sudan and, subsequently, to seize key natural resources, including the Nile and fertile regions in the Jazira and Eastern Sudan. This cycle was triggered by British military policies pursued in the 1880s to contain the Mahdist Rebellion (1883-1898). These policies eroded the food security of indigenous communities in Dunqula, Eastern Sudan and the Red Sea Hills and precipitated a series of famines that destabilized the Mahdist state. Though British-led forces were unaffected by these nineteenth century food crises, the British-controlled Anglo-Egyptian government was, in the years following its establishment in 1898, weakened by a prolonged period of food insecurity during which indigenous communities exerted their right to control their slaves, land and produce. Subsequent innovations in the colonial economy, notably the development of a common grain market, precipitated a number of early twentieth century famines that impoverished many indigenous communities and, thereby, prevented indigenous resistance to state efforts to develop Sudanese resources for the benefit of British industry. At the same time, the Anglo-Egyptian government actively promoted the economic interests of a select group of indigenous elites by allowing them to invest in the resources seized by the state during food crises and, after independence, these elites maintained many of the agricultural policies that had failed to assure food security. / Le cycle de la famine et l'insécurité alimentaire qui a affligé plusieurs peuples dans les régions du Nord, du Centre et de l'Est du Soudan vers la fin du dix-neuvième et le début du vingtième siècle était à cause d'un processus intergénérationnel qui a changé les structures économiques, politiques et sociales des communautés soudanaises et qui a permis aux agents impériaux britanniques de conquérir le Soudan et, par la suite, s'emparer de ressources naturelles importantes, incluant le Nil et des régions fertiles dans le Jazira et l'Est du Soudan. Ce cycle fut déclenché par des politiques militaires britanniques poursuivis dans les années 1880 pour contenir la Rébellion mahdiste (1883-1898). Ces politiques ont érodé la sécurité alimentaire des communautés indigènes à Dunqula, à l'Est du Soudan et aux Massifs de la Mer Rouge et ont précipité une série de famines qui ont déstabilisé l'État mahdiste. Bien que les armées dirigées par les Britanniques ne fussent pas affectées par ces crises alimentaires du dix-neuvième siècle, l'État anglo-égyptien, qui était contrôlé par les Britanniques, a été affaibli pendant les années suivant sa fondation en 1898 par une longue période d'insécurité alimentaire qui a permis aux communautés indigènes de maintenir le contrôle de leurs esclaves, leurs terrains et leurs produits agricoles. Des innovations dans l'économie coloniale, notamment le développement d'un marché commun des grains, a précipité des famines au début du vingtième siècle qui ont démuni plusieurs communautés soudanaises et ont ainsi empêché la résistance indigène contre le développement des ressources soudanaises au profit de l'industrie britannique. En même temps, l'État anglo-égyptien a encouragé les intérêts économiques d'un groupe d'élites indigènes en leur permettant d'investir dans les ressources saisis par l'état pendant les crises alimentaires. Après l'indépendance, ces élites ont maintenu plusieurs des pratiques agricoles qui avaient échoué à assurer la sécurité alimentaire.

Nelson Mandela's presidency, marked especially by the proceedings of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, fostered a context in which the South African heritage industry was encouraged to promote the core values of reconciliation, unity and diversity, the underpinning of the president's nation-building project. District Six and Robben Island Museums are assessed as two of the most prominent heritage sites for the commemoration of apartheid in South Africa. Despite their differences--District Six began as a local museum with little government funding, while Robben Island was destined to be South Africa's most recognised heritage site and its largest recipient of government monies—both institutions were transformed into sites that promoted the government's vision of the new South Africa. Ultimately, the needs of the nation-building project marginalised the problems of nostalgia, romanticisation, omission and silencing that occurred at both institutions between 1994 and 1999. / Marquée surtout par les démarches de la Commission de la vérité et de la réconciliation, la présidence de Nelson Mandela a aussi établi un contexte dans lequel l'industrie du patrimoine sud-africaine était fortement encouragée à promouvoir les valeurs centrales du projet d'édification de la nation du président, soit la réconciliation, l'unité et la diversité. Les Musées District Six et Robben Island sont les deux plus importants sites dédiés à la commémoration de l'apartheid en Afrique du Sud. District Six est à l'origine un petit musée local recevant très peu d'aide gouvernementale, tandis que Robben Island était destiné, de par ses origines, à devenir le plus important site du patrimoine sud-africain et bénéficie depuis ses débuts d'un niveau important de financement. Malgré leurs différences, chaque musée s'est peu à peu mis à promouvoir la vision du gouvernement pour une nouvelle Afrique du Sud. En fait, son projet d'édification de la nation pris rapidement le dessus, au détriment de la manifestation de la nostalgie, la romance, l'omission de faits et le désir de faire taire une partie de l'histoire sud-africaine qui se manifestèrent tous au sein des deux sites du patrimoine entre 1994 et 1999.

The history of colonial medical expeditions and those involved in them is usually left to medical professionals who use their expertise to decrypt the technical and scientific aspects of the activities conducted on the ground. In addition, such works do not necessarily pay attention to the general historical context in which the expeditions occurred. This study is a historical examination of five medical expeditions that Robert Koch conducted in the African continent between 1896 and 1907. It places the activities of the German scientist in the general historical context of the late nineteenth century Africa, which was described by scholars as a "time of trouble and transformation". The extreme environmental conditions of African continent at the time, and the Scramble for Africa that was unfolding on the ground will thus provide the framework of analysis proposed by this study. / L'histoire des expéditions médicales coloniales et de ceux qui y ont été impliqués est généralement laissée aux professionnels de la santé qui utilisent leur savoir-faire pour décrypter les aspects techniques et scientifiques des activités menées sur le terrain. En outre, ces travaux ne paient pas nécessairement beaucoup d'attention au contexte historique général dans lequel les expéditions ont eu lieu. Cette thèse est un examen historique de cinq expéditions médicales que Robert Koch a mené sur le continent africain entre 1896 et 1907. Cette étude place les activités du scientifique allemand dans le contexte historique général africain de la fin du XIXe siècle, qui a été décrit par certains spécialistes comme un «temps de détresse et de transformation». La situation environnementale extrême du continent Africain de l'époque, ainsi que la ruée vers l'Afrique qui se déroulait au même moment serviront de cadre de l'analyse proposée par cette étude.

This research examines the illegal slave trade in the Mozambique Channel at the end of the nineteenth century. Although outlawed by Portugal and then heavily regulated by colonial powers, the trade persisted in important numbers. The project describes the measures taken throughout the century to regulate and prohibit the slave trade, and demonstrates how they ultimately failed. / Le sujet de cette recherche est la traite illégale d'esclave dans le canal du Mozambique à la fin du dix-neuvième siècle. La traite fut interdite par le Portugal ainsi que durement prohibée par d'autres puissances coloniales telles que la Grande-Bretagne. Cependant, elle persista en nombres importants. Ce projet examine les mesures prises à travers le siècle afin d'interdire la traite des esclaves et conclut qu'elles échouèrent à réprimer la traite des esclaves.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of History, 2006. / "Title from dissertation home page (viewed July 12, 2007)." Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-10, Section: A, page: 3939. Adviser: John H. Hanson.

This dissertation explores the significance of the youth in the popular politics of 20th-century Ghana. Based on two and half years of archival and field research in Ghana and Britain, the dissertation investigates the political agency of the youth, especially in the domains of youth associations, student politics, and popular culture. It also examines the structural factors in the colonial and postcolonial periods that shaped youth political engagement, and how youth worked within and without these structural frames to shape popular politics. I argue that youth-centered politics has been a motive force in Ghanaian popular politics. It opened up space for subalterns to be important players in colonial politics especially as catalysts of anti-colonial nationalism. In the post-colonial period, youth politics, mostly in the form of university students’ political activism, articulated public interests and was a bulwark against the authoritarianism of civilian and military governments. The dissertation charts the changing manifestations of Ghanaian youth political identity and formation from the early 1900s, when Britain completed its formal imposition of colonial rule on the territory that is present-day Ghana, to the political crisis of the late 1970s in which students and youth played crucial roles. The dissertation is a corrective to elite-focused accounts of political developments in Ghana’s history. It establishes youths as historically significant players who have shaped the country’s political ideas, values and practices. The dissertation also contributes to the renewed and growing focus on intergenerational relations, generational identity, and youth in scholarship on Africa. / History

This study re-examines historical change in western Africa during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries through the lens of cotton textiles; that is by focusing on the production, exchange and consumption of cotton cloth, including the evolution of clothing practices, through which the region interacted with other parts of the world. It advances a recent scholarly emphasis to re-assert the centrality of African societies to the history of the early modern trade diasporas that shaped developments around the Atlantic Ocean. However, this study argues that Atlantic exchanges in western Africa relied significantly upon Indian Ocean commercial networks as well. By analyzing a wide range of European travel accounts, commercial records and correspondence, visual images, maps, and oral narratives, this study breaks with well-rehearsed Atlantic conceptual frameworks for this period of African history to instead emphasize the global historical context in which Africans made decisions that impacted their communities and the larger world. The geographic focus of this study covers a large part of western Africa: from the Sahara desert in the north, northeast to the Niger bend, southeast to coastal Sierra Leone and west to the Senegal river valley and Atlantic coast. Its main findings emphasize the diversity of western African engagements with global commerce via textile production and consumption across time and space. / African and African American Studies

Abstract Not Available.

One of the oldest traditional crafts that provided employment for a significant proportion of the Nigerian population and practised specially by the Oyo Yoruba, is dressmaking by hand. The introduction of colonial rule and sewing machine in the region in early nineteenth century, not only revolutionised the art of dressmaking, but it also created a new and non-traditional craft: tailoring--the art of making clothes with the aid of a sewing machine. Over the years, dressmaking by hand has given way to tailoring, and tailoring has gradually become a dominant industry in the field of informal sector activities in Oyo State. The objectives of the study are (1) to describe the evolution and spatial diffusion of informal tailoring industry in the Oyo State metropolitan system, (2) to measure and explain the pattern of spatial variations of the diffusion, and (3) to explain the role of colonial and post colonial systems in the development and spatial diffusion of the industry in the state. It is hoped that from the evidence presented in the study, we can speculate on what spatial and historical structures that promote or hinder the development of informal tailoring activity, at least in the Nigerian metropolitan areas. The study area is Yorubaland, where the bulk of the population is Yoruba. The observation units at the inter urban level are sixteen selected centres, consisting of eleven divisional and five non-divisional headquarter towns. The intra urban observation units are the forty-five administrative wards and sub-wards of the Ibadan metropolitan area. In order to reconstruct and explain the historical and geographical evolution of the informal tailoring industry in colonial and post colonial Oyo State, the author adopted a multi data source approach principally to provide supplementary information. A historical geographical approach is adopted in the discussion on the relationship between the colonial and post colonial economic and spatial structures and the development and diffusion of tailoring industry. Also, in tracing the impact of these colonial structures on the tailoring development, emphasis is placed on a descriptive approach. To test the hypotheses on the relationship between the spatial diffusion of informal tailoring industry and urban hierarchy in Oyo State, a probability of location model is designed and used. Based on the probability of location index, the actual and the expected patterns of diffusion and development, in time and space, of the informal tailoring industry, are compared. The relevance of the variables included in the construction of the probability of location model is tested, using Spearman's Rank-Order Correlation method. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)