The present study deals with the socio-political transformations in the city of Ephesos in the early Hellenistic period. It shows that during the tumultuous months after the death of Alexander the Great, the Ephesian community sought to re-establish internal and regional stability by appealing to the Macedonian Successors for support. This was achieved at the meeting of Ephesos in the summer of 322 BC, as attested by a detailed epigraphic study of a series of local inscriptions (I. Ephes. 1430-1437). The meeting addressed issues over Ionian democracy and privileges, as well as Macedonian hegemonia, in conformity with the precedents set by Alexander. Its successful conclusion saw Ephesos emerge as the leading and representative member of the Ionian koinon. / La présente étude a comme sujet les transformations sociopolitiques dans la cite d'Ephesos dans la haute période hellénistique. Elle montre que pendant les mois tumultueux après la mort d'Alexandre le Grand, la communauté d'Éphèse a cherché à rétablir la stabilité interne et régionale en appelant aux Successeurs Macédoniens. Ce but a été atteint lors de la réunion a Ephese pendant l'été de 322 av-JC, comme il est atteste par un étude épigraphique détaillé d'une une série des inscriptions locales (I. Ephes. 1430-1437). La réunion a abordé des questions concernant la démocratie et privilèges Ioniennes, aussi que la hegemonia Macédonienne, en conformité avec les précédents mis pas Alexandre. Son succès a vu émerger Ephese en tant que membre dirigeant et représentant du koinon Ionienne.

The present work examines trans-regional networks of interaction in the Eastern Mediterranean during the Early Iron Age (c.1200 - 700 B.C.), concentrating on the Levantine coast and the islands of Cyprus and Euboea. Moving away from the traditional emphasis on pottery and imported goods, the study proposes an alternative approach for measuring connectivity that incorporates Social Network Theory. The context of interaction is established by taking into account the potential, means, and motivation for trans-regional contacts. Maritime infrastructure (including harbor facilities, nautical technology, and established codes of diplomatic conduct) is used as the main indicator for measuring connectivity due to its potential for providing a more encompassing picture both geographically and temporally. / Le présent ouvrage examine les réseaux de communication au niveau transrégional dans la Méditerranée orientale durant l'Âge du Fer ancien (1200- 700 av. J.C.), en se concentrant sur la côte du Levant et les îles de Chypre et de l'Eubée. S'éloignant de l'accent traditionnellement porté sur la poterie et les biens importés, l'étude propose une approche alternative pour mesurer la connectivité qui intègre la théorie des réseaux sociaux. Le contexte d'interaction est établi en prenant en compte le potentiel, les moyens et la motivation des contacts transrégionaux. L'infrastructure maritime (y compris les installations portuaires, le développement de la technologie marine, et les codes établis de conduite diplomatique) est utilisée comme principal indicateur pour mesurer la connectivité en raison de son potentiel de fournir une image plus complète à la fois géographiquement et temporellement.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Pennsylvania, 1926. / Bibliography: p. [199]-206.

In this dissertation I examine the various ways Athenians of several periods of antiquity purposefully reused stone artifacts, objects, and buildings in order to shape their own and their descendants’ collective ideas about their community’s past and its bearing on the present and future. I develop the concept of “upcycling” to refer to this intentionally meaningful reuse, where evidence is preserved of an intentionality behind the decision to re-employ a particular object in a particular new context, often with implications for the shared memory of a group. My investigation makes use of archaeological, literary, and epigraphical evidence to connect seemingly disparate cases of meaningful reuse within a long chronological span, treating the city of Athens as a continuously evolving cultural community. By taking a wide view of reuse with a focus on intentionality and visibility, I fruitfully re-examine some well known cases like the North Acropolis Wall, constructed largely of material from the temples destroyed by the Persians in 480 BCE, and the “itinerant” Temple of Ares, moved from the deme of Pallene into the heart of the Agora in the late 1st century BCE, in conjunction with other case studies including the reuse of the Mycenaean Bastion beneath the Classical Sanctuary of Athena Nike at the entrance to the Acropolis, the preservation of Archaic statues burnt by the Persians and described by Pausanias in the 2nd century CE, the repeated renewal of the Monument of the Eponymous Heroes in the Agora, a group of Classical and Hellenistic portrait statues on the Acropolis rededicated to Roman honorands in the Early Roman period, and the 3rd-century CE Post-Herulian Wall, traditionally dismissed as a typically Late Antique spolia-construction. After an introductory chapter establishing upcycling as a new approach to studying reused material culture, I organize the cases I treat by the level of visibility of the reuse and the correlate effect on social memory I identify. First is a chapter focusing on reuse that accentuates or actively displays the upcycled material in its new context. Next is a group of cases involving reuse that is more subtly visible, where the act of upcycling perpetuates and preserves social memory by making the reused object blend in more or less seamlessly with its surrounding context. In the following chapter I examine cases where the act of reuse itself was meant to be invisible, having the effect, I argue, of altering existing social memory. The final chapter comprises a chronological synthesis and a discussion of the role of upcycling within broader efforts of memory construction at Athens, concluding that reusing physical remains of the past played a key role in the clusters of memory projects that occurred in periods of profound and challenging social or political transformation. In establishing upcycling as a distinct phenomenon of intentionally meaningful reuse, this study offers a process- and agency-focused alternative to the traditional discourses on spolia and reuse, and identifies a crucial component within the overall “work of memory” within a community. Through this interdisciplinary approach, I have identified a vital practice through which Athenians shaped social memory in the physical realm, literally building their history into their city. / Classics

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Imagine finding yourself and a group of thousands of fellow citizens stranded in the middle of a strange country, thousands of kilometres away from home. You have just lost your military leader in a battle. You have no provisions and little hope of finding any. There are no maps available and none of you have knowledge as to what type of terrain lies ahead. To complicate matters, you are surrounded by the army of the King whose territory you came to conquer. You are badly outnumbered and you have no cavalry to support you. This is exactly the situation in which the Ten Thousand found themselves in 401 B.C. The account of the courage and success of the Ten Thousand is told by Xenophon in his Anabasis. While much has been written in terms of literary criticism of Xenophon and his Anabasis, not much has been produced regarding the actual logistics of the retreat of the Ten Thousand. The purpose of this thesis is to address that lack by examining one aspect of the Anabasis, namely, the provisioning of the Ten Thousand. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

The primary sources contain substantial evidence that contraception and abortion were common methods of birth control during the early Roman Empire. The medical, legal, and literary source texts support the notion that chemical means were most often resorted to. An analysis of the modern scholarship on the topic does not necessarily reflect this. Contrary to the opinions of earlier scholars, modern research has revealed that many of the contraceptives and abortifacients used by the Romans were efficacious. Despite this, the belief persists that dangerous surgical procedures were commonly used as a method of birth control. A reevaluation of these texts in conjunction with other source material has lead to conclusions that are not in accord with those contained in the prevailing modern scholarship.

Par ce travail de recherche, j'ai tente de reunir les donnees necessaires pour brosser un tableau vraisemblable, sur le plan historique, de la condition personnelle et sociale d'un licteur romain, entre le Ier siecle av. notre ere et la fin du IIe siecle de notre ere. Nous manquons encore de donnees sur la mobilite sociale et la condition personnelle des tranches intermediaires de la population romaine. J'ai entrepris cette etude pour essayer d'apporter une modeste contribution a la connaissance de cet aspect encore flou. Le licteur, qui entre dans la categorie des appariteurs, differe toutefois des autres employes de l'administration publique (viateurs, herauts et scribes notamment) parce que pour les auteurs romains, il est d'abord et avant tout le symbole de l'imperium. Cet aspect a ete abondamment etudie par les chercheurs modernes, mais jusqu'a present, peu d'historiens se sont interesses au personnage qui se cache derriere le symbole, a l'homme, au "fonctionnaire". Qui devenait licteur? Pourquoi et comment devenait-on licteur? Dans quelles conditions un licteur exercait-il son metier? S'agissait-il d'un "metier" au sens habituel du terme? Le licteur pouvait-il s'interesser a d'autres activites? Quelle etait la place du licteur dans la societe romaine? J'ai exploite le materiel epigraphique, les sources litteraires et, dans une mesure moindre, les temoignages iconographiques pour tenter d'apporter des reponses a ces questions. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)