This educational ethnography describes and examines the training process of the World Bank's sponsored "Train and Visit" agricultural extension method which was introduced to the Peruvian jungle department of San Martin in 1980. The T&V training service attempts to transfer new crop growing technologies to a group of 46 small-scale subsistence and commercial farmers who make up the network of T&V's "contact farmers" in the Bellohorizonte sector of Tarapoto's Agricultural Extension Agency. Farmers who participated in this study live in remote high-jungle valleys of the San Martin province located in Peru's northeastern Amazon region. They also play an important "contact" role in transmitting agricultural information to neighboring farmers who are the beneficiaries in the "modernization" process observed. / Using ethnographic field research methods, this case study tries to reveal the intended and unintended socio-cultural effects produced by the local T&V farmer extension training methodology on some of the "marginalized" farmers of this jungle milieu. Farmers of this area are said to be "marginalized" because they lack access to education, health, arable land, water, credit, and other necessary life-supporting services. / A closer exmination of the interaction of cultural, socio-economic and political factors on the local farmer training process identified important cultural and technical factors which could be included in the redesign of a more appropriate farmer education model for the Peruvian high Amazon. / A major finding of this study is that considerable unplanned learning (informal learning) has already taken place through long-established culturally defined channels, like "reciprocal labor groups" and "father-to-son apprenticeships," and that these may be playing a role in the small-scale farmer development process. As part of this thesis, efforts were made to make "visible" these traditional learning activities and show how they may relate to formal education and contextual factors like each farmer's previous work experience, work style, geographic origin and the availability of important agricultural inputs like land, water, and credit. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 49-07, Section: A, page: 1671. / Major Professor: George J. Papagiannis. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1987.

The Peruvian Jose Carlos Mariategui (1894-1930) was one of the most original Marxist thinkers in Latin America. His writings covered a wide variety of topics including political theory, revolutionary strategy, international relations, economics, land tenure, Indian problems, religion, art and literary criticism. His socialist ideas are basic to the new Latin American Marxism that began with the Cuban revolution. His interpretative theses of Latin American reality concur with current Latin American Marxist social theory. His ideas on the role of religion in politics are close to those of the modern theology of liberation. / This dissertation focuses on the original contributions of Mariategui's intellectual work from 1923, the year he came back from Europe, to 1930. Its central thesis is that Mariategui revitalized the revolutionary character of Marxism in Latin America, unmasked political reformism in Peru, transformed Marxism into a theoretical instrument for interpreting Peruvian society within the context of international capitalism, created the basic elements for a revolutionary Marxist strategy in Peru, and underscored the role of non-rational factors in motivating people to revolutionary action. These five contributions focus on major themes still under discussion in current Latin American Marxism. The appendix in this dissertation contains a chronological list of Mariategui's works published by Editorial Amauta, except his correspondence. It consists of 529 entries. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 51-12, Section: A, page: 4250. / Major Professor: Donald C. Hodges. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1990.

<p> David Lamelas&rsquo;s life-long research projects have included examinations of social phenomena. The artist takes interest in the dynamics of mass communication and media, urban mundane activities, and documentary films. He employs the element of time often in the structure of his art as an innovative approach by which to study his subjects. </p><p> I argue that in pairing the element of time with social phenomena, Lamelas exposes how people&rsquo;s perceptions, both the visual experience and the thought processes impacted by these experiences, tend to work, therefore leading viewers to consider systems of knowledge and their own accumulation of knowledge. His artwork provokes viewers to open their minds to new ways of seeing and thinking, stimulates self-awareness, and challenges their concepts of knowledge.</p><p>

<p> Early European travel literature was a prominent source from which information about the New World was presented to a general audience. Geographic regions situated within what is now referred to as Latin America were particularly visible in these accounts. Information regarding the religious customs and styles of dress associated with the indigenous peoples who inhabited these lands were especially curious points of interest to the European readers who were attempting to understand the lifestyles of these so-called &ldquo;savages.&rdquo; These reports, no matter their sources, always claimed to be true and accurate descriptions of what they were documenting. Despite these claims, it is clear that the dominant Western/Christian perspective from which these sources were derived established an extremely visible veil of bias. As a result, the texts and images documenting these accounts display highly flawed and misinformed representations of indigenous Latin American culture. Although it is now understood that these sources were often greatly exaggerated, the texts and images within them are still widely circulated in present-day museum exhibitions. When positioned in this framework, they are meant to be educational references for the audiences that view them. However, museums often condense the amount of information they provide, causing significant details of historical context to be excluded. </p><p> With such considerable omission being common in museum exhibitions, it causes one to question if this practice might be perpetuating the distribution of misleading information. Drawing on this question, I seek, with this research, to investigate how early European representations of Latin American culture in travel literature may be linked to current issues of misrepresentation. Particularly, my research is concerned with finding connections that may be present with these texts and images and the negative aspects of cultural appropriation. Looking specifically at representations of Aztec culture, I consult three texts and their accompanying illustrations from the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries to analyze their misrepresentational qualities, and how they differed between time periods and regions. Finally, I use this information to analyze museum exhibition practices and how they could be improved when displaying complex historical frameworks like those of indigenous Latin American cultures.</p><p>

This dissertation investigates the rule and ouster of Viceroy Iturrigaray at the beginning of the Mexican independence movement. Despite the pivotal nature of the years involved, extensive archival research on the period using Mexican sources has not been done since the independence era. Many historians write about the period, but they often base their theses on limited monographs and collections of documents The basis of this work is archival research, done principally in Mexico City, Madrid, and Seville. Emphasis is placed equally on economic, social, and political factors Many of the problems before 1808 stemmed from events in Europe. The Napolenic Wars forced the Spanish Crown into a series of unprecedented actions, such as the Consolidation Decree and the license of neutral trade. Many elements in Mexico, especially merchants whose interests were forgotten in favor of the miner's and the war effort, showed increasing discontent at the rule of Charles IV and his Mexican surrogate The events leading to the rule of Ferdinand VII, and his later abdication, brought the politicization of much of the Mexican population. Although probably never disloyal to the new king and never totally allied with the ayuntamiento and others pressing for a national congress, Iturrigaray was distrusted by peninsulars, many of whom had been hurt by the policies of Charles IV. A few rich merchants and their dependents overthrew the viceroy. The 'merchant princes' of the colony and most other 'notables' were not involved in the conspiracy. The government continued in the hands of the traditional leaders. The coup was in part caused by and exacerbated creole-peninsular tensions. The colonial government eventually became identified with the ouster of Iturrigaray, which in the minds of many Mexicans was an unjust and illegal act. This helped lead to independence / acase@tulane.edu

Within the scope of Mexican history, the subjects of the Inquisition and of crypto-Jews have long been the focus of emotion, heated controversy, and misplaced value assessments. The unfortunate result of this has been a lack of understanding of the Inquisition, particularly in its relation to / acase@tulane.edu

This dissertation treats the phenomenon of cross-national cultural diffusion and appropriation by examining the introduction and early development of British sport in two New World territories. The work considers the particularities of colonial and culturally 'imperialist' relationships by investigating the ways in which modern sports spread to and within a colonial possession, Trinidad, and a politically independent country, Brazil It goes on to examine the ways in which New World cultural consumers, originally dependent upon Old World cultural production, nationalized, or creolized, the sports they played. It traces this development by analyzing the changes in the sporting communities of late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century metropolitan Trinidad and Brazil in three areas: institutionally, by examining the countries' sporting organizations, especially clubs; in the fluid relationship between locals and Britons and other foreigners; and in the games and sports themselves, in the evolution of 'national' styles of play and spectatorship. It concludes by focusing attention on the agency of Brazilians and Trinidadians in this process of cultural diffusion and development, as it was they who both embraced British sport and adopted it to local needs and tastes / acase@tulane.edu

For over 150 years, Guatemalans have pursued industrialization as a panacea for their social and economic problems. The aim of this dissertation is to describe and evaluate the history of Guatemalan industry. Throughout the study, industrialization is treated as a dynamic process that requires analysis of the political, economic, and social factors that have conditioned its development. More precisely, then, this study is an historical analysis of Guatemalan political economy This dissertation draws upon untapped primary sources of information in Guatemala and the United States to develop a two-tracked analysis. On one level, the political-economic context in which industrialists operated is examined. On another level, the development of certain industrial sectors and selected industrial firms is examined. One firm, the cement company of the Novella family, is repeatedly used to illuminate the dynamics of the industrialization process Guatemalan industrial development is traced through three main chronological periods. The development of the consumer goods industry, or the period of 'easy industrialization', begins with the Liberal Revolution of 1871. The October Revolution of 1944 and the ten year period of socio-economic reform that followed it, dismantled Liberalism and accelerated industrial development. The third and final period, 1954 to the present, the period of 'hard industrialization' is characterized by the development of some heavy industry Despite the recent industrial boom, Guatemala remains an impoverished, dependent country with a highly stratified social system. Industrialization has neither redistributed wealth nor reduced Guatemala's economic dependency. Still, Guatemalans look to industrialization to reduce their dependency and avoid revolution. While industrialization offers some hope, the dreams of prosperity can not be fulfilled without structural political and economic reform. This dissertation expresses a concern for the injustices that still plague Guatemala and hopefully contributes to our understanding of the nature of and prospects for historical change / acase@tulane.edu

From 1871 to 1920 Guatemalan Liberals looked upon improvements in transportation as one of the principal means by which they hoped to promote economic development. They were convinced that better roads, new ports, competitive steamship services, and the introduction of the railroad would draw the national economy more fully into the commercial system of the North Atlantic and cause a flow of capital, technology, and skilled manpower from Europe and North America to Guatemala. By 1871, however, the export of coffee from Pacific ports was already the key to Guatemala's participation in the Atlantic commerce. Although Liberals frequently lamented the extra expense of having to conduct their Atlantic trade by way of Pacific ports and the Panama Railroad, they nevertheless concentrated early transportation improvements within the coffee export sector centered on the Pacific littoral in the belief that only coffee could earn the foreign exchange that would finance development of a more diversified economy. Once in place, however, the Pacific transport system served to promote the continued growth of coffee production at the expense of domestic agriculture and retarded development of a national market In hope of breaking the cycle of dependence upon coffee and upon Pacific transportation monopolies, Liberals turned to Guatemala's own Atlantic shore on the more distant and less accessible North Coast. They promised that the establishment of a deep-water port on the North Coast and the construction of a railroad from the port to the national capital would free the nation from the grip of the Pacific Mail Steamship and Panama Railroad monopolies, bring foreign immigration and investment to the undeveloped Northeast, and promote a greater economic diversity and development of the national economy. Following the establishment of Puerto Barrios and the completion of the Northern Railroad in 1908, however, these goals were not realized. Although a shift of trade from Pacific ports to Puerto Barrios did occur, the foreign syndicate that completed the Northern Railroad soon exploited the favorable terms of its concession to gain control over Guatemala's entire railroad network. In general, Liberal transportation policies exerted a regressive impact upon the Guatemalan economy rather than contributing to true economic development / acase@tulane.edu

Beginning with an overview of colonial land tenure, this work covers the philosophical and political issues which influenced the development of Mexico's land policy after independence, especially as embodied in various colonization bills. Physiocratic ideals, liberal laws of the Cortes of Cadiz, and economic concerns all affected land policy, but the principle struggle from 1822 and 1824 was central versus regional control of land distribution and revenues. This work analyzes the national bills, Congressional debate, and the centralist position of Lucas Alaman as well as the regional issues in northeastern Mexico and the federalist position of Jose Miguel Ramos Arizpe in regard to the Texas bald(')ios. It offers a new interpretation of the union of Coahuila and Texas, the creation of a Department of Texas, and the Coahuiltecan Colonization Law of 24 March 1825 from a Mexican perspective / acase@tulane.edu