A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the academic requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Department of History, Faculty of Arts at the University of Zululand, 2018. / This research study delves into the role of the international community towards dismantling the apartheid regime in South Africa during the period 1960-1990. It argues that racial discrimination in apartheid South Africa came into being gradually over the centuries of white settlement that began when the Dutch East India Company founded a colony on the Cape in 1652. Dutch settlers were joined by English colonials who fought and won control of South Africa at the end of the nineteenth century. White control followed independence from Britain and the descendents of Dutch setters regained political power when the Afrikaner-dominated National Party (NP), which governed South Africa until 1994, won all-white elections in 1948. One of the National Party’s main goals was to codify centuries of de facto white domination. The legislative cornerstones of apartheid – including the Mixed Marriages Act of 1949 (prohibiting marriage between people of different races), the Population Registration Act and Group Areas Act, both of 1950, the Reservation of Separate Amenities and Bantu Education Bills both of 1953 – constructed distinct racial categories, and sought to ensure that racial groups were kept physically separate; and that black, Asian, and coloured South Africans receive inferior education and remain weak in political and economic terms. This research study posits that collective action against apartheid came out of, and involved, a number of different historical experiences, related to different historical processes and structural contexts. The reaction of the outside world to the development of apartheid was widespread and posed a sustained challenge to the South African regime, which, facing myriad internal and external threats, eventually capitulated to make way for a new, democratic dispensation during the 1990s. Central to the argument in this research study is that while countries throughout the world took various measures to weaken and topple apartheid, it was particularly the anti-apartheid movements in the United Kingdom (UK), the United States of America (USA), support from the Soviet Union, pressure by the United Nations (UN), the OAU and the Frontline States that mounted the most serious of these challenges to the apartheid state.

The purpose of this dissertation is to research aspects of the historical development of Nursing Education and Nursing Management at the Carinus Nursing College from 1949 to 1987; to determine and explain how the College has adapted and coped with historical change and to determine whether proposals for the future can be made. Research has been done by applying the general systems theory and by using the standard methods of historical analysis. Data has been collected by means of oral history, literature search and documentation. The variables isolated are the College as a system; the government or influential super systems; resources such as financial, personnel and students and material inputs; and throughput or processing the work in the output, which leads to the professional nurse. The models used are Bucheles' organizational system, Sharma's flow chart pattern, Mintzberg's parts of organizational systems, and power flows and as shown in Emery, Feibleman and Friends relations and rules of interaction in systems thinking. Parsons' "imperatives of maintenance of a system" as well as Alvin Toffler's "second and third wave phenomena as responses to change" were two further models that were used. By using Robert Buchele's model, the work is divided into four parts: - i) the College as a system ii) the super systems iii) the resources iv) the throughput or processing. A further design that emerged was that two eras could be distinguished, within which three historical phases: - Early, Middle and Late are developed.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Rutgers University, 2008. / "Graduate Program in History." Includes bibliographical references (p. 378-410).

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Masters of Arts in the Department of History at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2014 / It is important to note that much has been written on South Africa’s national Unity Government. Previous studies conducted on this topic were not as extensive as expected. Such studies were also unscientific, non-academic and more of journalistic writings. This lends credence to the necessity of undertaking an in-depth study on the topic which entails, inter alia, the impact of the Unity Government’s performance on various areas of governance from 1994-1999. The year 1994 is considered a turning point in the political history of South Africa. The people of South Africa gave the national Unity Government (GNU) a mandate through the country’s first democratic elections on the 27th April 1994 to embark on the fundamental transformation of the country. The upside of it was the trust and confidence that the black majority of South Africa had in the ANC-led government to redeem the country from high levels of unemployment, abject poverty, economic decline, to mention but a few. However, what was considered a set of solution to South Africa’s socio-economic problems, presented yet another set of challenges for the new government. Policy formulation and implementation became one of the major challenges of the unity government. The three parties in government namely, the African National Congress, Inkatha Freedom Party and the National Party did not always agree on issues of fundamental importance.On the education front, the statistical data point to service delivery and resource allocation challenges. Compared to learning institutions in white communities, some schools in KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumalanga, Eastern Cape and Free State, were inadequately resourced and service delivery was far from reality. The unequal distribution of resources became the order of the day. The need to ensure economic growth and development through sound economic principles and policies could not be over-emphasized in the prevailing circumstances. The NP was critical of the ANC’s economic policies and often criticized them in public. This hampered the envisaged collective effort to effectively address the economic ills of the country. Another area of challenge was the multi-party politics within the government. It was expected that the ANC, IFP and NP as part of the coalition government sing the same tune in order to advance the course of democracy in South Africa. However, this was not always the case. The IFP advocated for a federal state, the NP felt so strong about the need for power-sharing, while the ANC on the other hand, with compromised stance on unitary state, had serious reservations about such propositions. This caused serious divisions among the three parties and it had a negative and detrimental impact on their collaborative effort. Eventually, the NP deemed it fit to withdraw from the Unity Government; thereby swelling the opposition ranks. Failure to reconcile their differences created a dangerous loophole. Another responsibility, with which the unity government was charged, was the realignment of South Africa’s foreign relations. This was quite a difficult challenge to deal with given the country’s image in the global context. South Africa had lost credibility with the global community because of the apartheid policy whose cause she championed unreservedly since 1948 up until the 1990s. The Unity Government’s sole responsibility in this regard, was to change the perception of the global community through the establishment of sound international relations and the maintenance of diplomatic ties. This would help South Africa expand on her economic sphere through foreign trade and investment; which were critical to economic growth and development. The legacy left by the interim Unity Government, points to the inadequate capacitation and perhaps limited resources to efficiently respond to the needs and demands of the country. In the post 1999 period, South Africa was still confronted with persistent poverty, high levels of unemployment, unequal allocation and distribution of resources as well as service delivery challenges. The first five years of democracy in South Africa were such a robust political engagement. It could be termed a “trial and error” period. Challenges of diverse magnitudes under such conditions would often be inevitable. Negative criticism becomes a possible eventuality. In the case of South Africa, the Unity Government was perceived by most South African citizens as the agent of transformation despite its shortfalls.

Thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Science in the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand / A stratigraphic and sedimentological study of the Molteno sediments in the vicinity of Aliwal North and Burgersdorp was made in order to determine stratigraphic relationships and sedimentary history. The stratigraphic study shows that the Molteno strata is characterised by a cyclic pattern of deposition as follows: (i) pebble conglomerate overlying an erosional surface of low relief; (2) coarse - to medium- grained sandstone; (3) fine-grained sandstone~siltstone, and silty shale and (4)" shale with thin coal lenseso Three such cycles have been recognised in the Burgersdorp area and a single cycle at Aliwal North. The succession thins northwards from about 500 feet around Burgersdorp to 300 feet at Aliwal North and on the basis of cyclic relationships and sedimentary tectonics it is suggested that the two upper cycles at Aliwal North are missing through erosion or non-deposition and the lower cycle at Burgersdorp is the stratigraphic equivalent of the Aliwal North cycle. The importance of the lower pebble bed arises from the ease with which it can b e recognised and traced throughout the area; moreover, it is tectonically significant and represents a distinct stratigraphic break . As a result the base of the Molteno is redefined in terms of the lower pebble bed. The limitations of the Indwe sandstone as a regional stratigraphic marker are demonstrated. It is also recommended that the Indwe sandstone be more strictly defined in terms of modern stratigraphic nomenclature or dropped completely from the literature . The pattern of sedimentary transport was determined mainly from cross-bedding measurements, though other sedimentary structures such as erosion channels, ripple marks, current lineations, and fossil logs have also been used . These dimentary structures indicate shallow water conditions of deposition with the dominant direction of transport from the south and south east. The sandstones have been classified petrographically as subgreywackes. Metamorphic quartz and metaquartzite rock fragments together with minor amounts of feldspar are important constituents. Excluding micas the heavy mineral suite is simple and consists of garnet, zircon, tourmaline and rutile . The Molteno sediments wer e derived chiefly from high- rank metamorphic and granitic source rocks with only neglible contributions from pre - existing sediments . Integration of the stratigraphic and sedimentological evidence shows that the upward-fining cycle of the Molteno was deposited under both upper and lower flow regime conditions. Facies analysis of the cycle suggests that the conglomerate is the result of erosion and deposition in a braided river channel wandering across a flood plain. The overlying sandstone shows all the characteristics of a modern point bar complex. The fine sandstone, siltstone, and silty shale represent a transitional facies deposited mainly from suspension in the quiet parts of the channel or in abandoned channels during low water. If the sandstone facies represents channel deposits then the shale and coal facies probably records overbank deposits from flood waters in the quiet backswamp areas of the flood plain. The environment was probably permanently inundated by water of such a depth as to allow for the growth of plants and the formation of peat swamps. The key to cyclic repetition appears to be related to sedimentary tectonics and diastrophic movement associated with the second phase of the Cape Orogeny. In terms of sedimentary tectonics, and the classification scheme of Krumbein and Sloss (1963), the lithologic association of the Molteno sediments probably represents unstable shelf or interior basin conditions . / AC 2018

A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of I aw University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Johannesburg 1978 / lae evolution of the treaty-making power in the Republic has been heavily influenced by the fact that South Africa, as one of the 'older’ British Dominions, acquired independent through a slow but orderly constitutional process. In ■i c first two chapters of this thesis I have ^ therefore attempted to sketch briefly the force at work in South Africa ’“'J n 'tt{ earliest f orm.iti ve years. This ha.-: stalled m examination of c ‘ 1 ; onstitutit i.i 1 ;aw I ssue:. ( nc lud i n fh pr- rogatlve powers of the Crown in relation to treat!c >• and declarai i i.s of war) as well as U problems of internal! nai law. My resear it in th s field led re. to won don and 1111 wva. : of mcttr - il lodged in the various Comr'onweal th mm libraries. In the i i.ir.i and fourth chapters I have concentrated on more immediate matters, namely, th. ■gotiation and conclusion, ratification and implementation of treaties in present-day South Af.lea. The dearth of published in! ormation on th * topic ha necessitated the construction of an overall """* pi.ture by in- in!-tv avii o information obtained fret, the Department ° • ^ Affairs with the views of the International Law Commission as tJ xpr< ssed in the 1969 Vienna C nventiort on the Law of Treaties. It should ^ be i t d that. , ilthough South Africa has not yet ratified the Convention, it recognizes its international validity and attempts, whenever possible, to give effect to its provisions. Chapter five covers th constitutional limitations on the treatyweei making power as well as the inter-relaiionship f international law with "1 municipal law. In both these relat. i ar- as South African practice has be cm moulded n British lines. A a result I have been led to compare — I the law (: -th precedent and principle) in South Xi rica v. . th that of Britain. «J I have attempted to show, too, that the Blacks tone doctrine that 1internation ! law 1 part of the 1 iw o! the land' is not applicable to treaties. ^ A number of States have acquired indepvnd nee in recent years or are in the proce s of doing .o af the present time. With this in mind, an r*t international i • t- rence was convened in Vienna in April, 1977, to discuss succession of State to treaties, and a dtaft convention was formulated. I have included a chapter on the South African approach to succession of *** States to treaties not only because the problem is topical but also fl because it affects the Republic personally'. South Af ri an courts have M been approached on several occasions to decide whether treaties have

The Eoan Group, founded in 1933 in Cape Town, was South Africa's first and only all-coloured opera, dance and theatre company. Its 1956 production of La Traviata was the first opera produced by non-white people in South Africa, and initiated an operatic career that spanned twelve opera seasons and ten operas. The group was under the administration of white directors and received funding from the apartheid government. In return, they agreed to honour the regime's racial laws by performing for segregated audiences. Their acquiescence to segregation and their complicity in the promotion of apartheid ideology caused political problems: they were ostracised by their own community and boycotted by members of the white and coloured racial groupings. After the group's operatic activities came to a permanent halt in 1980, their history sank into obscurity, despite their importance in the establishment of an operatic culture in the country. The memorialisation of South Africa's cultural-political past continues to maintain a binary of complicity and resistance, with those who are remembered grouped neatly into either of these categories. These labels, however, do not map tidily onto the Eoan Group, with its bewildering narrative of self-empowerment-through-collusion. Consequently, their story presents a problem for the writing of South African music history. Drawing extensively on material from the Eoan Group Archive, this dissertation considers the socio-political ambiguities of the Eoan narrative from musicological and post-colonial theoretical angles, to show how the group's operatic activities disrupted the cultural and material determinism of apartheid's racialised ideology. It calls for a disavowal of the Manichean ethics by which subaltern agency is measured, and proposes instead a turn to Njabulo S. Ndebele's 'politics of the ordinary'. From the sonic and material residue of the Eoan Group's productions, this project forges a newly conceived decolonial writing of apartheid operatic history.

Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2008.

Comparison of poliovirus strains was carried out to determine the origin of the virus in two isolates obtained during the 1982 outbreak of poliomyelitis in Gazankulu. Comparisons of the outbreak isolates with vaccine and wild-type strains of the same poliovirus type were carried out using four biochemical techniques. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and reversed-phase high-performance liquid-chromatography (RP-HPLC) were used for comparing viral capsid proteins. Comparison of poliovirus strains at a genetic level was carried out using two-dimensional oligonucleotide mapping of viral RNA. Results showed the type 1 poliovirus isolate, 5061, to be a novel wild-type poliovirus. The type 2 isolate, 5068, was closely related to the poliovirus type 2 Sabin vaccine strain, P712. It was concluded that the intrinsic variability of poliovirus strains was responsible for the appearance of isolate 5068

AFRIKAANS: Hierdie verhandeling is ‘n studie van hartbees- of dakhuise, wat van 1652 tot in die 20ste eeu in Suid-Afrika voorgekom het. Jan van Rie¬beeck en sy gesin het aanvanklik (1652) in ‘n tydelike dakhuis in Tafelbaai gewoon. Dakhuise is deur die vee- en Trekboere, asook die Voortrekkers na die uithoeke van die land versprei. Die gevolgtrekking waartoe deur die studie gekom word is, dat die begrip hartbeeshuis dakhuise, ontwikkelde dakhuise en (lang)muurhuise vir tydelike bewoning insluit. Die dakraamwerk van die bootvormige dakhuis het uit ‘n vurkondersteunde-nokpaalkonstruksie bestaan. Drie dakraamtipes het by die wigvormige dakhuis voorgekom, naamlik die gaffelsuilondersteunde-nokpaalkonstruksie, vurkondersteunde-nokpaalkonstruksie en die kapstylraamwerk. Geen bewyse ter ondersteuning van die bestaande teorie oor die oor¬sprong van die term hartbeeshuis kon gevind word nie. Tydgenootlike getuienis het tot die gevolgtrekking gelei dat die oorsprong van die term hartbeeshuis met die vorm van die inheemse boksoort, die hartbees verband hou. Die Suid-Afrikaanse dakhuise toon direkte ooreenkomste met die millennia-oue Wes-Europese dakhuistradisie, waarvan die vorm en konstruksie ten spyte van geografiese verskille min of geensins verander het nie. Die lande van oorsprong en die prototipes word aangewys, waarna die Suid-Afrikaanse eweknie ten opsigte van die vorm, materiaal en konstruksie - met in beg rip van streekverskille - beskryf word. In die slotbeskouing word die betekenis van die dakhuis as Westerse woning, asook die bewaring daarvan kortliks in oënskou geneem. ENGLISH: The study focuses on the history of the South African hartbeeshuis or roof dwelling dating from 1652 well into the 20th century. For the first few months in Table Bay, Jan van Riebeeck and his family had to reside in a temporary roof dwelling. Roof dwellings were distributed through South Africa by the migrating stock-and cattle-farmers and eventually by the Voortrekkers. The conclusion of the study is that the concept hartbeeshuis refers to roof dwellings, developed roof dwellings and the temporary long walled house. The roof structure of the boat-shaped roof house consisted of a primary tong-support. The framework of the wedge-shaped roof dwelling takes one of three forms: it may consist of two forked uprights carrying a ridge tree against which the sides lean; it may consist of two pairs of sloping poles which cross at the apex to carry the ridge tree; or it may consist of a series of paired couples. No evidence could be found to support any of the existing theories regarding the origin of the term hartbeeshuis. Contemporary evidence confirms that the term is associated with the shape of the indigenous antelope, the hartbees. The South African roof dwelling correlate with the oldest building traditions in Western Europe. In South Africa, the basic shape and construction of the roof have only experienced little changes on a regional level. The various prototypes and the countries of origin are highlighted. The South African counterparts are described according to their shape, construction materials and technique. The study concludes with the significance of the roof dwelling as a Western dwelling type and the conservation thereof. / Dissertation (MA (Cultural History))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Historical and Heritage Studies / unrestricted