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The aim of this study is to give a historical view upon and examine the development of local and regional cultural history museums in Norway as a topic in Norwegian cultural policy 1900 – circa 1970. The present thesis is divided into four main parts: In part one data sources and theoretical perspectives are presented. The thesis is written in museology and this is the background for a perspective where of local and regional museums arose as a subject requiring development of public politics. The theoretical perspective is how development of politics frequently appears as a choice between various alternatives based on available contemporary material and ideological suppositions. Local and regional museums appear in this perspective as a cultural phenomenon in their own age, a phenomenon to which Stortinget, the Ministry and the museum profession attached both interpretations and conceptions. In part two, entitled “Concern over a group of museums” the parallelism between museum growth and policymaking from 1900 – 1920 is analyzed. Development of politics in these years can be considered as a process where the formation of clearly defined guiding principles for practice by the authorities took place. In the centre of this development of politics was the regulation on governmental subsidy based on a political framework the need to conform to norms related to calculability and equal treatment. At the same time it does appeared the legitimacy to carry out disciplinary measures was nourished by a conception of local and regional museums as unruly and an image of them as a type of “freely growing” institution. In part three, “A formative recognition”, deals with the growing cooperation between The Norwegian Museums Assosiation and the Ministry in the field of local and regional museum and how it influenced the work in this museum. Cooperation with the museum society ensured that a competent apparatus was available to the Ministry. This led gradually to development of a new administrative regime, more specifically a move toward something which can be described as a professional administration. Part four “Consolidation of the politics” examines the development 1945 – circa 1970. The new tendencies would turn out to reflect an increasing awareness of the educational opportunities for future museum personnel, different solutions for establishing good professional guidance for the unmanned museums and, in parallel within the professional museum milieu, an emerging debate on the museums’ role in society. Common for all these initiatives is that they demonstrate what one could characterise as an increasing degree of professionalism. Part four end with the Proposal from the Museum Committee of 1967. This white paper was presented by the Ministry of Churches and Education in 1972. The document was the first of its kind and was intended to be recognised as a comprehensive plan.  The most tangible result of the white paper was the arrangement for subsidies to semi-public museums which was introduced in 1975.

Thesis (M.A.)--Brigham Young University. Dept. of Visual Arts, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 111-119).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Uppsala University, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 259-260) and index.

New technologies are continuously being developed that can aid us in archaeological research. The purpose of this project is to revisit an area containing Late Iron Age (LIA) Stone Walled Structures (SWS) that have received sporadic archaeological research over time, and employ new techniques and technologies to test/re-evaluate previous findings. This involves developing new mapping techniques, which involve the use of Geographical Positioning Systems (GPS), which allowed for a wide survey/mapping exercise in a time effective and budget conscious manner. From these data, a new typology was created in order to reflect new types as well as further segregate exiting types. The resulting data was analysed in a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment, allowing us to tackle issues such as spatial distribution and landscape patterns in a digital environment. This analysis allowed us to re-evaluate the original spatial distribution, looking at possible reasons for the inaccuracies in the original study. We then explore the implications of these new data. We tested the results of these analyses based on proposed scenarios for the location of these sites, in order to try better understand the positioning, as we as identify possible diagnostic sites that can undergo further examination.

Esta pesquisa visa analisar a utilização do tema \"Tempo Geológico\" nas narrativas de museus de História Natural através da análise de exposições em museus em quatro países: Alemanha, o Museum für Naturkunde de Berlim; Inglaterra, o Natural History Museum, em Londres; França, o Muséum National d\'Histoire Naturelle de Paris; Brasil, o Museu de Ciências Naturais e Museu de Ciência e Tecnologia, ambos em Porto Alegre. Foram analisadas três exposições no museu em Berlim: \"Mundo dos Dinossauros\" (Saurierwelt), \"Cosmos e o Sistema Solar\" (Kosmos und Sonnesystem) e \"Evolução em Ação\" (Evoluion in Aktion). No museu de Londres, foi estudada uma exposição na zona vermelha, \"Desde o Início\" (From the beginning). No museu francês, duas galerias foram estudadas, a Grande Galerie d\'Evolution and a Galerie d\'Anatomie comparée et Paléontologie. A primeira Galeria, a exposição \"Evolução da vida\" (L\'evolução de la vie) foi estudada, enquanto na Galeria de Paleontologia, foram analisadas as exposições \"Os Vertebrados\" (Les Vertèbres) e \"Os Invertebrados\" (Les Invertébrès). No Museu de Ciências Naturais em Porto Alegre, a exposição permanente foi explorada, em que a evolução da vida na Terra é o foco. Quanto ao Museu de Ciência e Tecnologia, foram analisadas as exposições \"Planeta Terra\" e \"Milhões de Anos\". É proposta uma análise qualitativa utilizando os dados da documentação literatura e disponíveis, bem como registos das exposições. Museus de História Natural tem um papel importante como instituições de extensão, apresentando os processos naturais da Terra. O Tempo Geológico é uma ferramenta chave para esse entendimento. O objetivo da presente pesquisa é comparar diferentes exposições (sua forma, organização e narrativas) para avaliar a abordagem de Tempo Geológico e também o seu potencial de integração normalmente tratados como áreas separadas em instituições de História Natural: Ciências da Terra e ciências da vida. / This research seeks to examine how the theme \"Geological Time\" is addressed in the narratives of Natural History Museums through the analysis of exhibits in museums in four countries: Germany, the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin; England, the Natural History Museum in London; France, the Muséum National d\'Histoire naturelle in Paris; Brazil, the Museu de Ciências Naturais and the Museu de Ciência e Tecnologia, both in Porto Alegre. The authors analysed three exhibits in the museum in Berlin: Saurierwelt (World of Dinosaurs), Kosmos und Sonnesystem (Cosmos and the Solar System) and Evolution in Aktion (Evolution in Action). In the museum in London, the authors studied one exhibit in the red zone, From the beginning. In the French museum, two galleries were studied, the Grand Galerie d\'Evolution and the Galerie d\'Anatomie comparée et Paléontologie. From the first Gallery, the exhibit L\'evolution de la vie (Evolution of life) was studied, while in the Paleontology Gallery the exhibits Les vertébrès (The vertebrates) and Les invertébrès (The invertebrates) were analysed. In the Museu de Ciencias Naturais in Porto Alegre, the permanent exhibit was explored, in which the evolution of life on Earth is the focus. As for the Museu de Ciência e Tecnologia, the Paleontology exhibit was analysed. We propose a qualitative analysis using data from the literature and available documentation as well as records of the exhibitions. Natural History Museums have an important role as outreach institutions presenting the natural processes on Earth. The Geological Time is a key tool for this understanding. The goal of the present research is to compare the exhibits (its form, organization and narratives) in three of the most traditional European Natural History Museums with two Brazilian ones. We aim to evaluate the approach of geological time and also its potential for integrating usually treated as separate areas in natural history institutions: Earth sciences and life sciences.

Esta investigação propõe caracterizar a incorporação da informação paleontológica nas narrativas expositivas em museus de história natural por meio da utilização de imagens. A iconografia paleontológica, vulgarmente referenciada como \"paleoarte\", é contextualizada na esfera do objeto museal. Objetiva-se aqui a caracterização do estado-de-arte das técnicas e modalidades iconográficas aplicadas às narrativas expositivas. Para tanto, três casos distintos são analisados: o do Museu Americano de História Natural (Estados Unidos), o do Museu da Evolução da Academia Polonesa de Ciências (Polônia) e o do Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (Brasil). Além de aspectos ligados à materialidade, técnicas artísticas, precisão e escala, foram investigadas a proporção de sua inserção na composições das expografias, bem como as expectativas curatoriais em relação a sua contribuição comunicacional para as narrativas expositivas. Apesar de notáveis diferenças entre todas as instituições investigadas, evidenciamos a convergência da iconografia paleontológica - especialmente a paleontografia, uma abordagem sofisticada que combina técnica artística e epistemologia científica - como um recurso estratégico adotado pelos museus na comunicação de conceitos paleontológicos complexos para o grande público. Esta pesquisa também evidenciou que para além das decisões conceituais, a concepção, formulação e aplicação da iconografia paleontológica em exposições de história natural são diretamente influenciadas pelas políticas de comunicação institucional, enfrentam desafios práticos e são suscetíveis a restrições financeiras. Esta análise, que oferece possibilidades a desdobramentos futuros de pesquisa, busca oferecer subsidio para o planejamento de exposições em museus de história natural, de modo a contribuir à consolidação dessas instituições como espaços privilegiados para o diálogo e a prática da educação para a ciência, para a preservação do patrimônio e para a sustentabilidade. / This research proposes to characterize the incorporation of paleontological information in natural history museums exhibition narratives through the use of images. The paleontological iconography, commonly referred to as \"paleoart\", is contextualized in the realm of the museum object. The goal is featuring the techniques and iconographic modalities state-of-art applied in exhibition narratives. Three different cases are being analyzed: the American Museum of Natural History (United States), the Museum of Evolution of the Polish Academy of Sciences (Poland) and the Museum of Zoology of the University of São Paulo (Brazil). Besides aspects of iconography\'s materiality, artistic techniques, accuracy and scale, it was investigated the proportion of its insertion in expography compositions, as well as the curatorial goals regarding its communication contribution to exhibition narratives. Despite notable distinctions between all the institutions investigated, we evidenced the convergence of the paleontological iconography - especially the paleontography, a sophisticated approach that combines artistic technique and scientific epistemology - as a strategic resource of museum exhibitions to assist the communication of high complex paleontological concepts to broader audiences. This research also evidenced that in addition to conceptual decisions, the design, making and implementation of paleontological iconography in natural history exhibitions are direct influenced by institutional communication policies, face practical challenges and are susceptible to financial constraints. This analysis, which offers possibilities for future research developments, intends to provide subsidies for exhibitions planning at natural history museums, to contribute to their consolidation as privileged spaces for dialogue and the practice of education for science, for heritage preservation and sustainability.

Esta investigação propõe caracterizar a incorporação da informação paleontológica nas narrativas expositivas em museus de história natural por meio da utilização de imagens. A iconografia paleontológica, vulgarmente referenciada como \"paleoarte\", é contextualizada na esfera do objeto museal. Objetiva-se aqui a caracterização do estado-de-arte das técnicas e modalidades iconográficas aplicadas às narrativas expositivas. Para tanto, três casos distintos são analisados: o do Museu Americano de História Natural (Estados Unidos), o do Museu da Evolução da Academia Polonesa de Ciências (Polônia) e o do Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (Brasil). Além de aspectos ligados à materialidade, técnicas artísticas, precisão e escala, foram investigadas a proporção de sua inserção na composições das expografias, bem como as expectativas curatoriais em relação a sua contribuição comunicacional para as narrativas expositivas. Apesar de notáveis diferenças entre todas as instituições investigadas, evidenciamos a convergência da iconografia paleontológica - especialmente a paleontografia, uma abordagem sofisticada que combina técnica artística e epistemologia científica - como um recurso estratégico adotado pelos museus na comunicação de conceitos paleontológicos complexos para o grande público. Esta pesquisa também evidenciou que para além das decisões conceituais, a concepção, formulação e aplicação da iconografia paleontológica em exposições de história natural são diretamente influenciadas pelas políticas de comunicação institucional, enfrentam desafios práticos e são suscetíveis a restrições financeiras. Esta análise, que oferece possibilidades a desdobramentos futuros de pesquisa, busca oferecer subsidio para o planejamento de exposições em museus de história natural, de modo a contribuir à consolidação dessas instituições como espaços privilegiados para o diálogo e a prática da educação para a ciência, para a preservação do patrimônio e para a sustentabilidade. / This research proposes to characterize the incorporation of paleontological information in natural history museums exhibition narratives through the use of images. The paleontological iconography, commonly referred to as \"paleoart\", is contextualized in the realm of the museum object. The goal is featuring the techniques and iconographic modalities state-of-art applied in exhibition narratives. Three different cases are being analyzed: the American Museum of Natural History (United States), the Museum of Evolution of the Polish Academy of Sciences (Poland) and the Museum of Zoology of the University of São Paulo (Brazil). Besides aspects of iconography\'s materiality, artistic techniques, accuracy and scale, it was investigated the proportion of its insertion in expography compositions, as well as the curatorial goals regarding its communication contribution to exhibition narratives. Despite notable distinctions between all the institutions investigated, we evidenced the convergence of the paleontological iconography - especially the paleontography, a sophisticated approach that combines artistic technique and scientific epistemology - as a strategic resource of museum exhibitions to assist the communication of high complex paleontological concepts to broader audiences. This research also evidenced that in addition to conceptual decisions, the design, making and implementation of paleontological iconography in natural history exhibitions are direct influenced by institutional communication policies, face practical challenges and are susceptible to financial constraints. This analysis, which offers possibilities for future research developments, intends to provide subsidies for exhibitions planning at natural history museums, to contribute to their consolidation as privileged spaces for dialogue and the practice of education for science, for heritage preservation and sustainability.

Esta pesquisa visa analisar a utilização do tema \"Tempo Geológico\" nas narrativas de museus de História Natural através da análise de exposições em museus em quatro países: Alemanha, o Museum für Naturkunde de Berlim; Inglaterra, o Natural History Museum, em Londres; França, o Muséum National d\'Histoire Naturelle de Paris; Brasil, o Museu de Ciências Naturais e Museu de Ciência e Tecnologia, ambos em Porto Alegre. Foram analisadas três exposições no museu em Berlim: \"Mundo dos Dinossauros\" (Saurierwelt), \"Cosmos e o Sistema Solar\" (Kosmos und Sonnesystem) e \"Evolução em Ação\" (Evoluion in Aktion). No museu de Londres, foi estudada uma exposição na zona vermelha, \"Desde o Início\" (From the beginning). No museu francês, duas galerias foram estudadas, a Grande Galerie d\'Evolution and a Galerie d\'Anatomie comparée et Paléontologie. A primeira Galeria, a exposição \"Evolução da vida\" (L\'evolução de la vie) foi estudada, enquanto na Galeria de Paleontologia, foram analisadas as exposições \"Os Vertebrados\" (Les Vertèbres) e \"Os Invertebrados\" (Les Invertébrès). No Museu de Ciências Naturais em Porto Alegre, a exposição permanente foi explorada, em que a evolução da vida na Terra é o foco. Quanto ao Museu de Ciência e Tecnologia, foram analisadas as exposições \"Planeta Terra\" e \"Milhões de Anos\". É proposta uma análise qualitativa utilizando os dados da documentação literatura e disponíveis, bem como registos das exposições. Museus de História Natural tem um papel importante como instituições de extensão, apresentando os processos naturais da Terra. O Tempo Geológico é uma ferramenta chave para esse entendimento. O objetivo da presente pesquisa é comparar diferentes exposições (sua forma, organização e narrativas) para avaliar a abordagem de Tempo Geológico e também o seu potencial de integração normalmente tratados como áreas separadas em instituições de História Natural: Ciências da Terra e ciências da vida. / This research seeks to examine how the theme \"Geological Time\" is addressed in the narratives of Natural History Museums through the analysis of exhibits in museums in four countries: Germany, the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin; England, the Natural History Museum in London; France, the Muséum National d\'Histoire naturelle in Paris; Brazil, the Museu de Ciências Naturais and the Museu de Ciência e Tecnologia, both in Porto Alegre. The authors analysed three exhibits in the museum in Berlin: Saurierwelt (World of Dinosaurs), Kosmos und Sonnesystem (Cosmos and the Solar System) and Evolution in Aktion (Evolution in Action). In the museum in London, the authors studied one exhibit in the red zone, From the beginning. In the French museum, two galleries were studied, the Grand Galerie d\'Evolution and the Galerie d\'Anatomie comparée et Paléontologie. From the first Gallery, the exhibit L\'evolution de la vie (Evolution of life) was studied, while in the Paleontology Gallery the exhibits Les vertébrès (The vertebrates) and Les invertébrès (The invertebrates) were analysed. In the Museu de Ciencias Naturais in Porto Alegre, the permanent exhibit was explored, in which the evolution of life on Earth is the focus. As for the Museu de Ciência e Tecnologia, the Paleontology exhibit was analysed. We propose a qualitative analysis using data from the literature and available documentation as well as records of the exhibitions. Natural History Museums have an important role as outreach institutions presenting the natural processes on Earth. The Geological Time is a key tool for this understanding. The goal of the present research is to compare the exhibits (its form, organization and narratives) in three of the most traditional European Natural History Museums with two Brazilian ones. We aim to evaluate the approach of geological time and also its potential for integrating usually treated as separate areas in natural history institutions: Earth sciences and life sciences.

Structures of perfect symmetry, order, and beauty exist in both discoveries of science and objects found in natures. With careful observation and analysis, creative applications of these interesting forms can be and have been applied in many architectural structures with great success. In this project the utilization of these forms can not only bring out the purpose of this Museum of Nature and Science, but because these forms are derived from natural studies, they can also give viewers a sense of familiarity and peacefulness. / Master of Architecture