Em 1953, iniciou-se uma das campanhas de alfabetização para a população rural mais importantes e inovadoras da história da Colômbia. A Radio Sutatenza, uma emissora paroquial que havia criado as bases para um método de alfabetização através do rádio, encontrava condições políticas favoráveis para expandir sua cobertura a boa parte do território nacional. Os violentos confrontos partidários do mundo rural e uma suposta ameaça de expansão do comunismo convenceram a Igreja da urgência de alfabetizar e educar a população camponesa. Para isso, as autoridades eclesiásticas colombianas encontraram no governo nacional e nas agências de cooperação internacional seus principais aliados. Foi assim que se criou a Acción Cultural Popular (ACPO), uma instituição com uma estrutura burocrática capaz de implementar os programas educativos pelo rádio. A ACPO se organizava em torno de divisões especializadas em radiodifusão, produção editorial, formação de líderes e comunicação epistolar com a população camponesa vinculada a seus programas educativos, entre outras. Isso criou um fenômeno inédito de massificação da comunicação epistolar em meio à população camponesa. O objetivo desta pesquisa é aproximarmo-nos das dimensões, cartografias e fluxos de tal fenômeno, das formas e sentidos que ele adquiriu entre os camponeses recém-alfabetizados que empunhavam lápis e papel para comunicar-se com a emissora e, finalmente, da interação entre o rádio, os impressos e a correspondência. / In 1953, one of the most important and unprecedented literacy campaigns for rural population started in Colombia. Sutatenza Radio, a parish station that had created the basis for a literacy instruction method through the radio, was favored by political conditions that allowed the expansion of its coverage in the country. The violent partisan confrontations in rural areas and the threat of a possible spread of communism convinced the Church of the urgency to educate the rural population. In order to do this, the Colombian church hierarchy found in the national government and international cooperation agencies its main allies. Thus was how the ACPO (Popular and Cultural Action) was created. ACPO was an institution with a bureaucratic structure capable of implementing educational programs for radio. The ACPO was organized in departments that were specialized in broadcasting, publishing, training of leaders and epistolary communication with the rural population that was part of the educational programs. This created an unprecedented phenomenon of massification of epistolary communication in the rural population. The objective of this research is to approach the dimensions, mapping and flows of this phenomenon; the forms and meanings it acquired among the newly-literate peasants who took pencil and paper to communicate with the radio station; and finally, the interaction between radio, print and the exchange of letters.

Em 1953, iniciou-se uma das campanhas de alfabetização para a população rural mais importantes e inovadoras da história da Colômbia. A Radio Sutatenza, uma emissora paroquial que havia criado as bases para um método de alfabetização através do rádio, encontrava condições políticas favoráveis para expandir sua cobertura a boa parte do território nacional. Os violentos confrontos partidários do mundo rural e uma suposta ameaça de expansão do comunismo convenceram a Igreja da urgência de alfabetizar e educar a população camponesa. Para isso, as autoridades eclesiásticas colombianas encontraram no governo nacional e nas agências de cooperação internacional seus principais aliados. Foi assim que se criou a Acción Cultural Popular (ACPO), uma instituição com uma estrutura burocrática capaz de implementar os programas educativos pelo rádio. A ACPO se organizava em torno de divisões especializadas em radiodifusão, produção editorial, formação de líderes e comunicação epistolar com a população camponesa vinculada a seus programas educativos, entre outras. Isso criou um fenômeno inédito de massificação da comunicação epistolar em meio à população camponesa. O objetivo desta pesquisa é aproximarmo-nos das dimensões, cartografias e fluxos de tal fenômeno, das formas e sentidos que ele adquiriu entre os camponeses recém-alfabetizados que empunhavam lápis e papel para comunicar-se com a emissora e, finalmente, da interação entre o rádio, os impressos e a correspondência. / In 1953, one of the most important and unprecedented literacy campaigns for rural population started in Colombia. Sutatenza Radio, a parish station that had created the basis for a literacy instruction method through the radio, was favored by political conditions that allowed the expansion of its coverage in the country. The violent partisan confrontations in rural areas and the threat of a possible spread of communism convinced the Church of the urgency to educate the rural population. In order to do this, the Colombian church hierarchy found in the national government and international cooperation agencies its main allies. Thus was how the ACPO (Popular and Cultural Action) was created. ACPO was an institution with a bureaucratic structure capable of implementing educational programs for radio. The ACPO was organized in departments that were specialized in broadcasting, publishing, training of leaders and epistolary communication with the rural population that was part of the educational programs. This created an unprecedented phenomenon of massification of epistolary communication in the rural population. The objective of this research is to approach the dimensions, mapping and flows of this phenomenon; the forms and meanings it acquired among the newly-literate peasants who took pencil and paper to communicate with the radio station; and finally, the interaction between radio, print and the exchange of letters.

L’objet du présent travail doctoral porte sur la relation intertextuelle sous-jacente aux récits de l’écrivain colombien, Juan Gabriel Vásquez, qui s’informe et enquête sur l’histoire de son pays pour remonter le passé et, par-là, proposer de nouvelles lectures de l’histoire officielle, de ses incertitudes et de la révélation de secrets sur quelques-uns des faits qui ont marqué les avancées et les reculs de la Colombie. En conséquence, cette recherche étudie et analyse cette relation à partir de la transtextualité, catégorie théorique exposée par Gérard Genette, afin de raisonner en profondeur sur les idéologies représentées dans les nouvelles « officielles » de cet auteur et sur l’affleurement de la mémoire historique, ainsi que sur d’autres récits autour desquels émergent des expériences propres et d’autrui, et même des éléments inattendus, susceptibles d’enclencher de nouvelles recherches. Juan Gabriel Vásquez ourdit ses romans à partir d’un amalgame d’idéologies comme la politique, la violence, l’histoire officielle, le legs culturel et l’histoire littéraire de la Colombie, ce avec quoi il recrée un devenir significatif et identitaire de l’histoire de la Colombie, contribuant ainsi à la construction scénique du pays, fragmentée et décomposée en plusieurs périodes de développement par l’application de fausses idées de croissance et de pacification qui n’ont jamais eu lieu. La recherche fournit un apport aux études littéraires de la Nation et sur l’écrivain colombien qui, peu à peu, est reconnu dans le domaine littéraire international. / The focus of this this doctoral work is to study the intertextual relationship, in the narrative of the Colombian writer, Juan Gabriel Vásquez. In his narrative he explores and researches about the history of his country in order to inquire on the past and with it. He proposes new readings in relation to the official history, its uncertainties and the unveiling of secrets about some facts that defined the progress or regression of Colombia. Therefore, this research studies and analyzes this relationship from the transtextuality theory exposed by Gerard Genette to reflect deeply on the ideologies represented in the "official" novels of this author, and the appearance of historical memory. As well as other types of narratives in which, own and others experiences appear, bringing unexpected elements to explore new studies. Juan Gabriel Vásquez weaves his novels from a combination of ideologies as politics, violence, the official history, and the cultural legacy, and the literary history of Colombia. He recreates meaningful events about Colombian history, supporting the scenic construction of the country, fragmented and separated into several periods of its development by the application of false ideas of growth and pacification, which have not occurred.The research contributes to the literary studies of the nation as well as to the Colombian writer, who is recognized in the literary international area little by little.