This study examined the history of the Kachung forest plantation in northern Uganda and associated environmental discourses. The forest, a project aimed at environmental protection and carbon offsetting, was designated a forest reserve in 1939 by the colonial government, as part of wider efforts to promote Ugandan timber for export and ensure their regeneration as a renewable resource. Since then, Kachung forest has been attributed different environmental significance by various actors, such as by the Uganda Forest Department, the Norwegian Agency for Development and Cooperation (NORAD), the Norwegian Afforestation Group (NAG) and presently by the Norwegian-based Green Resources company (GRAS). Between 1939 and 2006, the forest reserve underwent only limited changes in terms of management and composition. More radical change began in 2006, when GRAS started largescale tree planting. In 2012, Kachung Forest was certified as a Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project in accordance with the Kyoto Protocol. Since then, people living in and around the forest have been prevented from using forest resources for their livelihoods. They have expressed resistance to this by encroachment, setting fires in the forest and mounting angry protests against GRAS. One possible reason for this resistance is that afforestation took place with little prior knowledge of the forest’s history and value for local communities. The present analysis of the history of the forest and the associated environmental discourse throughout the 20th century was conducted using empirical data collected through interviews and from forest records, aerial photographs and GIS maps. Actor-Network Theory (ANT) was used as a theoretical framework to examine how the different actors are connected and their role in shaping the landscape. The study focused on four key areas: the status of Kachung Forest when the commercial forestry project began, evidence of recent environmental degradation, its location, and how the discourse about Kachung Forest was shaped by a broader environmental discourse about East Africa. The data showed that all external factors involved in past and ongoing afforestation processes had little knowledge of the longer-term human and land use history of the forest, and often repeated ambitions by the former colonial government. Interviews with local communities living close to Kachung and other empirical material revealed that the area maintained its savannah woodland and tropical high forest nature until 1996, and since late 2000 the vegetation and land use system changed very significantly. Encroachment by local communities was identified as arising from lack of land for hunting, grazing, cultivation and cultural activities and lack of access to water. Thus successful afforestation can only be achieved with prior knowledge of land use history and by consulting local communities. Empowering the local community’s traditional environmental conservation practices could be a better way than CDM for tackling the wider environmental crisis. Keywords: Actor-Network Theory, GIS, CDM, Africa tropical forest, human settlement, land use history. Master’s thesis in Global Environmental History (60 credits), supervisors: Anneli Ekblom and Paul Lane, defended and approved autumn term 2016 © Ghide Habtetsion Gebremichael Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University, Box 626, 75126 Uppsala, Sweden

Scholars of Irish migration in twentieth-century Britain have tended to present migrants' experiences through two opposing stories about 'assimilation' and the struggle to preserve an 'Irish ethnic identity' in the face of official attempts at repression. Based on in-depth analysis of oral history interviews conducted by the author between 2009 and 2011, with eight Irish migrants who settled in England between 1945-69, this thesis suggests that individual migrant experiences resist simple incorporation within this dichotomy. It does so through exploration of the diverse ways the psychic and the social intersect in the production of migrant subjectivities within specific contexts. The thesis argues that such subjectivities were not coherently constituted or unified through a single discourse on 'identity', but that there were always multiple, often contradictory, possibilities available for self-construction within the different spaces migrants inhabited, in both the past and present. Through investigation of the distinct ways different respondents constructed themselves in relation to four sites of memory, namely leaving Ireland, pre-marriage years in the post-war British city, the construction industry, and 'The Troubles', the thesis shows how migrants negotiated and drew upon a diverse range of subject-positions in order to constitute themselves within their personal accounts of settlement. This inter-subjective process was conditioned by the possibilities and constraints of the various local, communal, and institutional discourses which mediated the lived realities of migration to Britain and which were available in the present for self-construction. But it was affected too by the active if usually unconscious workings of memory. How migrants interacted with available discourses was never predetermined but was shaped by on-going dialogues between public and private, past and present, there and here. Within each narrative these dialogues formed parts of individually specific strategies of 'composure' through which subjects, with varying degrees of success, sought to render their experiences into a coherent, integrated whole. The thesis argues that Irish migrant 'identity' in post-1945 England was never the finished product of a linear process of 'assimilation' or simple determinants like national origin, class, or religion. It is more usefully approached as a variable set of dialogic processes, as part of which migrants made investments in a diverse range of discourses in a bid to formulate self-affirming understandings of the migration experience.

This thesis traces the etymology of 'materialism' using a Foucauldian discourse analysis to bring to the fore the word's use as discursive mode of power. Through examining over 5000 texts, spanning across 400 years, I trace a line from the origins of materialism in philosophical thought of the Renaissance and Enlightenment eras to its uptake in American rhetoric and integration into the consumer behaviour literature. This approach leads to a reconceptualization of materialism. Commonly viewed in consumer studies as a measurable value, trait, or motive inherent in the consumer, I situate materialism as external to the consumer. The word's history, especially in consumer studies, demonstrates that it embodies moral condemnations. I find that accusations of materialism rise in discourses during moments of intense social dislocations. It is wielded by social groups as part of a play for status. In this analysis, concepts of power as per Foucault and social distinctions as per Bourdieu, are used to explain the motives residing behind the use of the word. These motives, which reflect sociocultural dynamics and geo-political agendas, manifest in the meanings attributed to 'materialism', and the directionality of the allegation. Thus I argue that 'materialism', at its essence, is an epithet used to advance or demobilise a set of interests. This is what I term, delegitimizing discourse - words used to debase other social groups. Studying 'materialism' as a case in point, I note that groups use delegitimizing discourse either an assimilative measure - rhetoric geared towards indoctrination - or as a defensive mechanism - rhetoric used to debase threatening elements and behaviours. It is hoped that this new perspective will encourage academics to be rethink their approach to studying materialism, or in the least, to be aware of what is being measured, and what moral judgements and interests they are perpetuating through their continued studies.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2017-03-06T12:23:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MARIA JOSE DO NASCIMENTO.pdf: 31673907 bytes, checksum: ed64facfed9dc1aa9a1575381a07776d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-06T12:23:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARIA JOSE DO NASCIMENTO.pdf: 31673907 bytes, checksum: ed64facfed9dc1aa9a1575381a07776d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-16 / The aim of this study was to rewrite the history of Teacher Education in Sexuality Education in municipal schools in Goiânia in the years 1990-2000. We adopted some procedures guidelines of archaeological investigations and Foucault’s genealogical and references relating to memory and narrative advocated by Benjamin. Investment in (re)memories of teachers involved the design and implementation of these proposed training was undertaken in understanding the procedures responsible for the construction of teacher training and how (and why) some mechanisms / devices shake (dis) continuities and disruptions related to the discursive and non-discursive (discourses), which constituted challenges in this dissertation. The narrative analysis enabled rewrite history teacher training and identify as training and teaching practice were strategic targets of control, discipline and regulation of the individual and social body. / O objetivo desse estudo foi reescrever a história da Formação de Professores em Educação Sexual na rede municipal de ensino de Goiânia nos anos de 1990 a 2000. Adotou-se alguns procedimentos das diretrizes das investigações arqueológicas em Foucault e os referenciais relativos à memória e narração preconizados por Benjamin. O investimento nas (re)memórias de professores, envolvidos nessas propostas de formação, empreendeu-se na compreensão dos procedimentos constituídos na formação docente e no modo como (e porquê) alguns mecanismos/dispositivos abalizam (des) continuidades e dissertação. A análise das narrativas possibilitou reescrever a história de formação de professores e regulação do corpo individual e social.

Cette recherche se penche sur l’oeuvre polémique du réformateur Jean Calvin et plus particulièrement sur le corpus d’opuscules qu’il publie entre 1531 et 1564, pour prendre position sur la scène théologique. À partir de l’analyse historique de ces prises de plume, la thèse s’attache à éclairer le fonctionnement du dispositif polémique, à souligner les spécificités et l’évolution de la guerre des mots au XVIe siècle et à mettre au jour des normes discursives, des pratiques d’écriture et des habitudes de lecture caractéristiques de la période renaissante. Postulant l’existence d’un jeu polémique, fait de contraintes sociales mais aussi de choix individuels, cette étude cherche, dans le même temps, à comprendre les conditions de l’engagement de Calvin, en analysant les configurations qui président à chaque intervention publique et les motivations qu’elles traduisent. Pour conduire cette analyse d’histoire du discours, l’étude se concentre sur les jeux de posture du polémiste Calvin, c’est-à-dire sur les modalités de la présentation de soi et la fabrique d’une légitimité. Comment des stratégies auctoriales et éditoriales sont-elles ainsi élaborées, pour circonscrire un public de lecteurs et porter un message efficace ? Que dénotent-elles du positionnement du polémiste sur la scène religieuse des années 1530-1560 ? C’est une conversion dans l’ordre de l’èthos, un glissement de l’autorité des Lettres au ministère de la Parole, que le corpus polémique invite à suivre. / This research examines the controversial work of the reformer John Calvin. It particularly investigates the corpus of pamphlets he published between 1531 and 1564 in order to take a stance on the theological stage. Based first on a historical analysis of these pamphlets, the thesis seeks to elucidate how the controversy operated, to highlight the features and the evolution of the war of words in the sixteenth century, and to shed light on discursive norms, writing processes and reading habits of the Renaissance period. Firmly claiming the existence of a controversy, one that is constructed by social constraints but by individual choices as well, this study also analyses the specific qualities of Calvin’s undertaking by interpreting the salient patterns in his public interventions and the motives behind them. In this historical analysis of discourse, the study focuses on the polemical postures of Calvin, that is to say the manner in which he presents himself and creates his legitimacy. How did Calvin devise authorial and editorial strategies in order to circumscribe an audience of readers and convey an effective message ? What did these choices reveal about the polemicist’s positioning on the religious stage from the 1530’s to the 1560’s ? Analysing this polemical corpus enables one to witness a conversion in the order of ethos, a shift of authority from Letters to the Ministry of Word.