Lidande är en naturlig och oundviklig del av det mänskliga livet. En av de mest centrala uppgifterna inom vården innebär att lindra lidande. Därmed är det aktuellt att undersöka områdets kunskapsposition. Syftet var att beskriva lidande i omvårdnadStudien genomfördes som en litteraturstudie där 15 vetenskapliga artiklar utgjorde underlaget för resultatet. Resultatet i denna studie delades in i sex tema inom omvårdnad: ”Existentiellt lidande”, ”Livslidande”, ”Sjukdomslidande”, ”Vårdlidande”, ”Den vårdande personalens upplevelser av lidande” och ”Socioemotionellt lidande”. Studien visar att forskning i nutid på många sätt beskriver uttryck för patientens lidande i liknande former som det lidande som beskrivits i forskning tidigare. Utöver detta framkommer även beskrivningar av lindrande av lidande inom omvårdnad. Det framkommer att fokus i vården tenderar att ligga främst på att behandla fysiska symptom. En helhetssyn, där även existentiella, psykologiska, kulturella och sociala dimensioner uppmärksammas, är nödvändig för att förbättra patientens hälsa och minska patientens lidande.För att kunna möta patienten i lidandet krävs medvetenhet hos sjuksköterskan kring egna upplevelser av lidande. Fortsatt forskning samt belysning av området i sjuksköterskeprogrammet är betydelsefullt. / Suffering is a natural and inevitable part of human life. One of the central parts in health care is to alleviate suffering. Consequently, the present knowledge state is of importance to follow up. The aim of this study was to describe suffering in nursing. The study was conducted as a literature review were 15 scientific articles were the basis for the results. The result of this literaturereview was divided into six themes in nursing: "Existential suffering", "Suffering in life", “Suffering in illness", "Suffering in care", "Socioemotional suffering" and ”Perceptions of suffering in nursing staff." Expressions of suffering of the patient are found to be found similar in recent studies compared to the suffering described in research further back. Recent studies additionally indicate other expressions of suffering and approaches to alleviate suffering in nursing. It emerges that the focus in care tends to be primarily focused on treatment of physical symptoms. A holistic focus, with awareness of existential, psychological, cultural and social dimensions, is necessary to promote health and to alleviate suffering. To respond to the patient in its suffering, awareness of the nurse’s own experiences of suffering is required. Further research and illumination of the subject in the nursing program is of importance.

This study was undertaken to establish whether rights of personality are known in indigenous law. Since indigenous law differs not only between tribes but is also affected by the degree of exposure to Western values, a micro-study has been done in a semi-rural environment in the Kingdom of Swaziland to establish to what extent own value systems have been influenced or altered when Western legal concepts are utilised. The information, obtained by interviewing a panel of experts, was compared with the available literature. During the process of gathering information, the aims of the research were not only to describe how the legal principles function, but also to take note of those socio-cultural processes which function outside of the law. Rights of personality were studied against a background of the culture and way of life of the peoples concerned. The importance of culture has been acknowledged in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, wherein the recognition and application of indigenous law generally rests on a constitutionally protected right to culture. Whilst the identifiable rights of personality may generally be classified according to specialised legal systems, the separation of rights to good name and to dignity may be inappropriate in the indigenous sphere. Dignity in indigenous legal systems is to be viewed as a comprehensive right of personality, into which should be subsumed the right to good name and reputation in the community. It is such dignity, embracing the ubuntu quality of humanness that is protected as a comprehensive indigenous right of personality. Although the indigenous law of personality is showing some signs of adapting to new developments, there is also proof that the established legal principles and human values are being retained. However, these changes are unique and are neither typically traditional nor Western. The indigenous law of personality, operating in a changing social environment, has to retain its flexibility and adaptability in order to remain ”living” law for the peoples concerned. / Jurisprudence / LL.D.

This study was undertaken to establish whether rights of personality are known in indigenous law. Since indigenous law differs not only between tribes but is also affected by the degree of exposure to Western values, a micro-study has been done in a semi-rural environment in the Kingdom of Swaziland to establish to what extent own value systems have been influenced or altered when Western legal concepts are utilised. The information, obtained by interviewing a panel of experts, was compared with the available literature. During the process of gathering information, the aims of the research were not only to describe how the legal principles function, but also to take note of those socio-cultural processes which function outside of the law. Rights of personality were studied against a background of the culture and way of life of the peoples concerned. The importance of culture has been acknowledged in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, wherein the recognition and application of indigenous law generally rests on a constitutionally protected right to culture. Whilst the identifiable rights of personality may generally be classified according to specialised legal systems, the separation of rights to good name and to dignity may be inappropriate in the indigenous sphere. Dignity in indigenous legal systems is to be viewed as a comprehensive right of personality, into which should be subsumed the right to good name and reputation in the community. It is such dignity, embracing the ubuntu quality of humanness that is protected as a comprehensive indigenous right of personality. Although the indigenous law of personality is showing some signs of adapting to new developments, there is also proof that the established legal principles and human values are being retained. However, these changes are unique and are neither typically traditional nor Western. The indigenous law of personality, operating in a changing social environment, has to retain its flexibility and adaptability in order to remain ”living” law for the peoples concerned. / Jurisprudence / LL.D.