Byggandet av dagens sjukhus har blivit allt mer komplext. När det kommer till uppbyggnaden av stomkonstruktionen har kraven för vibrationer ökat. För att säkerställa kraven för stomvibrationer måste pågjutningens tjocklek öka med ca 90 mm från standarden som är ca 40 mm. Att utföra denna extra pågjutning är inte ett problem i sig, utan den extra torktiden som tillkommer. Den extra torktiden är inte det enda problemet. De beräkningsprogram som finns ute på marknaden idag kan inte behandla alla typer av konstruktioner och simuleringar, dock skulle det kunna gå att dela upp simuleringsprocessen för uttorkningen emellan beräkningsprogrammen. I denna studie så kommer två olika simulering/beräknings program att tillämpas. Beräkningsprogrammen som kommer att användas är TORKA S och WUFI. Torktiderna kommer att räknas fram genom att kombinera dessa program samt titta på tidigare studier gällande detta projekt. I denna studie har vi valt att ta en närmare titt på hur foggjutningen mellan håldäcken påverkar torktiden för hela delområdet, dvs. foggjutningen och pågjutningen. Resultaten visar att vct för foggjutningen måste vara betydligt lägre än vct för pågjutningen och att torktiderna varierar beroende på vct. Torktiderna för pågjutningen varierar om mätningar görs över fog eller mitt på håldäcken. / Constructions of hospitals today have become more complex than before. As for the construction of the frame structure, the requirements for vibration in the body have increased. To fulfill the requirements for frame vibrations the top coating thickness must be increased with 90 mm ​​from the standard thickness, which is around 40 mm. To perform this extra topping is not the biggest issue. The major problem is the extra drying time that is added in the process. Another large problem is the calculation programs that are available on the market today cannot deal with all types of designs and simulations; however it would be possible to divide the simulation process for the dehydration between different calculation programs. In this study, two different simulation/calculation programs will be used. The programs that will be applied are TorkaS 3.2 and WUFI Pro. Drying times will be generated by combining these programs and look at previous studies similar to this project. In this study we have chosen to take a closer look at how joint cast between the slabs affects the drying time for the entire sub-area, which is the joint cast and topping cast. The results of the w/c-ratio for joint cast must be significantly lower than w/c-ratio for topping and that drying times will vary depending on the w/c-ratio. Drying times for topping will also vary if measurements are made over the joint or middle of the slab.

Det byggs mer och mer med prefabricerade håldäcksbjälklag vilka har stora dimensionerings och produktionsfördelar. Långa spännvidder och lätta bjälklag gör denna typ av konstruktion känslig för vibrationer och därför ställs konstruktörer idag inför en problematik som inte tidigare vanligtvis varit en dimensionerande faktor. Som en naturlig följd av detta är kunskapen inom området begränsad och förståelsen för denna typ av konstruktion vid dynamiska problem eftersatt. Hur håldäcksbjälklag beter sig vid små dynamiska laster, från mänsklig aktivitet på bjälklaget, och hur denna typ av problematik ska hanteras beräkningsmässigt behöver studeras. Vid statiska beräkningar antas bjälklaget vara enkelspänt men vid dynamiska beräkningar kan bland annat inte detta antagande göras då effekten från elementens sammankopplingar och eventuella pågjutningar påverkar bjälklagets styvheter och därmed dess dynamiska beteende. Dynamikproblem kan inte behandlas genom att studera enskilda element då bjälkaget måste hanteras som en sammanhängande enhet där kringliggande struktur påverkar hela bjälklagets dynamiska beteende. I detta arbete har fältmätningar i en befintlig byggnad, med excitering av en mänsklig analyser för att studera hur bjälklaget kan hanteras och dynamiska responsberäkningar. Fältmätningar har genomförts på tre olika bjälklagstyper där accelerationer har studerats i en mängd olika punkter. Accelerationer i fältmitt, intill upplagsväggar, parallella väggar och balkar har studerats för att leda till slutsatser kring hur bjälklagets styvheter påverkar dess dynamiska beteende. Dessa slutsatser kring uppmätta accelerationer har sedan legat till grund modeller kan representera verkligheten på ett godtagbart sätt beträffande dynamiska problem. Finita element-beräkningar för de tre olika bjälklagen har genomförts med varierande resultat, där det kunnat konstateras att komplicerade bjälklagsgeometrier med inslag av pelare, balkar och flera fack håldäckselement är svårt att beräkningsmässigt representera på ett bra sätt. Däremot har det visat sig att enkla bjälklagsgeometrier med endast ett fack håldäckselement upplagt på betongväggar kan representeras relativt väl. Parallella väggar har kunnat konstateras fungera som upplag med accelerationer av samma storleksordning som intill upplagsväggar. Dessutom har det visat sig genom mätningar och beräkningar att en pågjutning rimligen kan antas ha en uppstyvande effekt för bjälklaget. Däremot hur stor denna uppstyvande effekt är har inte kunnat konstateras, då detta skulle kräva andra typer av mätningar.

I dagens samhälle ligger fokus på hållbarhet vilket ställer höga krav på konstruktören vid utformningav stommen till flerbostadshus. En stor del av CO2-utsläppen inom byggprocessen kan härledas tillmaterialvalet där förbränning av kalk inom cementindustrin och framställning av stål ur järnmalm ärbland de främsta faktorerna till utsläppen. Denna rapport ämnar sig åt att ta fram vilka skillnader och likheter som ställs mellan två stomsystemmed olika bjälklag; ett utförande i korslimmat trä, hädanefter benämnt KL-trä, och ett utförande ihåldäcksbjälklag. De båda objekten har givits identiska förutsättningar, med reservation förbjälklagsmaterial, med en stomme i stål med varierande tvärsnittsprofiler. Data för CO2-ekvivalenter och pris av respektive stommaterial har undersökts och sammanställts itabellform där de två byggnaderna utvärderas och där resultatet diskuteras i analysdelen. Resultatetger svar på vilket element som presterar bäst till en kontorsbyggnad med två våningar med hänsyn tillkostnad och CO2-ekvivalenter för enskilda profiler sammanställts för de två byggnaderna. Dimensionering av balkar har genomförts med avseende på momentkapacitet, pelare med avseende påknäckning av centrisk tryckkraft, plan böjknäckning med moment av vindlast och normalkraft motpelare. Till visualisering av stommen har Tekla Structures använts och för verifiering avlastnedräkningar har FEM-Design 20 nyttjats. Rapportens ekonomidel avser kostnader av de två byggnaderna, vilka redovisats i tabellform medkostnad per stål- och bjälklagsprofil. Klumpsumma för respektive fall har sammanställts och idiskussionsdelen till denna rapport ges förklaringar och slutsatser. / In society today, the focus is on sustainability, which places high demands on the designer when designing the structural frame for apartment buildings. A large part of the CO2 emissions in the construction process can be traced to the choice of material, where the combustion of lime in the cement industry and the production of steel from iron ore are among the main factors for the emissions. This report intends to provide answers to the differences and similarities between two frame systems with different floors slabs; a version in cross-laminated wood, hereinafter referred to as KL-trä (CLTwood), and a version in hollow core slabs. The two objects have been given identical conditions, with a reservation for flooring material, with a steel frame with varying cross-sectional profiles. Data for CO2 equivalents and price of each frame material have been examined and compiled in tabular form where the two buildings are evaluated and results are discussed in the analysis part. The result provides an answer as to which element performs best for an office building with two floors with regard to cost and CO2 equivalents for individual profiles compiled for the two buildings. Dimensioning of beams has been carried out with regard to bending moment capacity, columns with respect to buckling of concentric pressure force and flat bending buckling with elements of wind load and normal force against columns. Tekla Structures has been used to visualize the frame and FEM-Design20 has been used to verify load counts. The financial part of the report refers to costs of the two buildings, which are reported in tabular form with cost per steel and floor profile. The lump sum for each case has been compiled and in the discussion section of this report explanations and conclusions are given to the financial part.

Este trabalho trata da otimização de painéis alveolares e vigotas protendidas utilizando Algoritmos Genéticos (AGs). A proposta de tal algoritmo foi inspirada no princípio da seleção natural de indivíduos, onde o mais ‘apto’ tende a permanecer na população e se reproduzir, passando seu código genético para a próxima geração. Em alguns casos, esse método pode alcançar melhores soluções se comparados aos métodos tradicionais de otimização. O principal objetivo do trabalho é investigar o uso de AG como uma técnica para a minimização da função custo da aplicação de painéis alveolares e vigotas protendidas. Na análise estão incluídas as verificações dos elementos nas etapas transitórias referentes à produção, transporte e montagem. A função custo é avaliada considerando valores da realidade brasileira. O trabalho de pesquisa compara os resultados obtidos utilizando AGs com aqueles obtidos utilizando o método de otimização convencional conhecido como método do Lagrangiano Aumentado. Os resultados obtidos por ambos os métodos evidenciam a eficácia dos AGs com relação ao método convencional. Foram propostas e analisadas três famílias do AG simples, buscando identificar, dentre seus elementos, quais variantes mais adequados na busca da solução dos problemas. / This work aims to optimize the production cost of hollow core panels and prestressed joists using Genetic Algorithms (GAs). The proposal of such an algorithm was inspired by the principle of natural selection of individuals, where the most ‘capable’ tends to remain in the population and reproduce, passing its genetic code onto the next generation. In some cases, this method can achieve good solutions when compared with conventional methods of optimization. The main goal of the work is to investigate AG as a technique for the minimization of the function cost of hollow core panel and prestressed joist applications. The analysis takes account of the verifications of the precast elements in the transitory stages as production,transportation and erection. The function cost is evaluated within the Brazilian context. The research compares the results using GAs with those using a conventional method, the Augmented Lagrangian. The results provide evidence the effectiveness of the GAs with relation to a conventional method. The research considers three families of the simple GA, searching to identify, among them, the adjusted variant in the search of the solution of the problems.

Este trabalho analisa, por meio de método experimental, a viabilidade de apropriar a produção de painel alveolar de concreto armado para aplicação em habitações de interesse social. Compara os processos industriais praticados para a produção deste elemento com alternativas inovadoras proporcionadas pela incorporação de fôrma interna, ou núcleo alveolar, que permite apropriar a tecnologia para aplicação em diferentes escalas conforme as características de cada empreendimento. Avalia a execução, a conectividade e o desempenho mecânico em relação à resistência à compressão do painel alveolar. Contribui com contexto de construção sustentável e o aproveitamento de resíduos industriais e conclui que o núcleo alveolar incorporado configura inovação tecnicamente viável no processo de produção do painel alveolar que pode ser utilizado em sistemas de fechamento e superestruturas (paredes portantes e lajes) em habitações. / This work analyzes the viability of appropriate the hollow core slab production for social housing construction, by means of an experimental method procedure. It compares the industrial process with innovated alternatives proportionate by internal hollow nuclear mould incorporate which provides technology appropriation for several production scales according to construction portage. Evaluate the execution, connectivity (with hydraulic and electric systems) and compressive strength of hollow core slabs. The researchs contributions is relate with the context of sustainable construction and the use of industrial waste as construction raw materials and it concludes that internal hollow nuclear mould incorporate is technically viable in hollow core slabs production´s process and this precast element could be applied in wall´s and slabs for housing construction.

Research towards the development of a gas-discharge fibre laser using noble gases, with target emission wavelengths in the mid-IR. Additional and separate work on gas treatment methods for managing the formation of photo-induced defects in silica glass.

Essa pesquisa apresenta um estudo da composição de concreto reforçado com fibras de polipropileno e objetiva avaliar seu comportamento estrutural em um tipo de painel alveolar de parede fina. A adição de alto teor de fibras de polipropileno ao concreto modifica algumas de suas propriedades mecânicas, conferindo ao compósito maior resistência à tração, resistência à flexão, resistência ao impacto e tenacidade. Inicialmente foram realizados ensaios de caracterização do compósito, sendo eles: consistência, resistência à compressão axial, módulo de elasticidade, resistência à tração por compressão diametral, resistência à tração na flexão e tenacidade. Estudou-se o comportamento de todas essas propriedades mecânicas para os teores de fibras de polipropileno de 0, 1 e 2% em volume de concreto. Com intuito de estudar o comportamento mecânico dos painéis alveolares de parede fina pela adição de fibras, foram realizados ensaios de carga concentrada e flexão. Este estudo foi realizado para os teores de fibra de 0 e 2%. Foram produzidos dois tipos de corpos de prova, ambos com seção transversal de 300 mm x 140 mm, e comprimentos de 600 mm e 1200 mm, para cada teor de fibra e respectivamente para os ensaios de carga concentrada e flexão. Para os ensaios de caracterização, não houve indícios de resultados significantes da adição dos teores de fibras 1 e 2% para a resistência à compressão e módulo de elasticidade. Já os ensaios de consistência, resistência à tração e tenacidade, apresentaram resultados expressivos, principalmente para o teor de fibra de 2%. Para os ensaios nos corpos de prova no painel quanto à carga concentrada, observou-se aproximadamente dez vezes maior capacidade de carga, cinco vezes maior capacidade de deslocamento e sete vezes maior resistência à punção. Os ensaios à flexão no painel apresentaram tensões resistentes pouco menores para os corpos de prova do painel contendo 2% de fibras. Conclui-se então que as propriedades do material cimentício com elevado teor de fibras são apropriadas para aplicação em painéis alveolares de parede fina. No entanto, é necessário melhorar a trabalhabilidade da mistura, pois devido às pequenas espessuras das paredes do painel, o adensamento do material não foi realizado de forma satisfatória. / This research presents a study on the composition of polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete and intents to evaluate its structural behavior in a type of thin-walled hollow core panel. The addition of high content of polypropylene fibers to the concrete modifies some of its mechanical properties, giving the composite greater split tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength and toughness. Firstly, characterization tests of the composite were performed: consistency, compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, split tensile strength, flexural tensile strength and toughness. It was studied the behavior of all these mechanical properties for the contents of polypropylene fibers of 0,1 and 2% by volume of concrete. In order to study the mechanical behavior of the thin-walled hollow core panels by the addition of fibers, were performed concentrated load and flexural tests. This study was performed for fiber contents of 0 and 2%. Two types of specimens were produced, both with a cross section of 300 mm x 140 mm, and lengths of 600 mm and 1200 mm, for each fiber content and to be tested respectively for the concentrated load and flexural tests. For the characterization tests, there was no evidence of significant results arising on the addition of the fiber contents 1 and 2% for the compressive strength and modulus of elasticity. The tests of consistency, tensile strength and toughness presented significant results, especially for the fiber content of 2%. The flexural tests on the panel showed slightly lower tensile strengths for specimens containing 2% fibers. It is then concluded that the properties of the high fiber cementitious material are suitable for application in thin-walled alveolar panels. However, it is necessary to improve the workability of the composite, because due to the small thicknesses of the panel walls, a satisfactorily consolidation of the material has not been achieved.

Este trabalho apresenta dois tipos de ensaios não destrutivos para a correlação do módulo dinâmico com a resistência à compressão para elementos de concreto. Os métodos de ensaio são a ultrassonografia e o método de excitação por impulso utilizando o equipamento Sonelastic®. Neste trabalho estão descritos seus funcionamentos, aplicações e limitações. A ultrassonografia, através da propagação de ondas sonoras, fornece, indiretamente, o módulo de elasticidade dinâmico. Com o método de excitação por impulso obtêm-se as frequências naturais e os modos de vibração do elemento estudado, o que permite determinar seu módulo dinâmico. Primeiramente, estes ensaios foram utilizados em corpos-de-prova cilíndricos e lajes alveolares produzidas em laboratório para a obtenção das curvas de correlação e, em seguida, estes mesmos ensaios foram realizados na fábrica de concreto pré-moldado. Para elementos de geometria complexa, como é o caso das lajes alveolares, apresenta-se uma metodologia para a obtenção de uma equação analítica para o cálculo do módulo dinâmico no ensaio de excitação por impulso. Estes métodos tiveram o objetivo final de avaliar a resistência à compressão do concreto na pista de protensão da fábrica, e então determinar o melhor momento para a desforma e corte do cabo de protensão. Com ambos os métodos, obteve-se ótimas correlações do módulo dinâmico com a resistência à compressão dos elementos em laboratório. Na fábrica de concreto pré-moldado não foi possível obter uma curva de correlação representativa de toda a laje na pista de protensão, porém foi possível registrar um bom indicativo de que é possível obter boas correlações para futuras pesquisas no assunto / This work presents two types of non-destructive testing for the correlation of the dynamic elastic modulus with the compressive strength. The test methods are the ultrasonography and the impulse excitation using the Sonelastic® equipment. In this work the equipaments operations, applications and limitations are also described. The ultrasound test indirectly supplies the dynamic elastic modulus through the propagation of sound waves. The natural frequencies and the vibration modes of the studied elements are obtained through impulse excitation method allowing to determine its dynamic modulus. To start, these tests were used in cylindrical specimens and hollow core slabs produced in the laboratory to obtain the correlation curves, and then these same methods were performed in the pre-cast concrete plant. As for complex geometric elements, as in the case of hollow core slabs, a methodology is applied in order to obtain an analytic equation to calculate the dynamic modulus in the impulse excitation test. These methods had the final goal the evaluation of the strength of prestressed concrete lying on track of the plant, so as to determine the best moment to demold and cut the prestressed cable. Excellent correlations of the dynamic modulus with compressive strength of the elements made in laboratory were obtained using both methods. It was not possible to obtain in the precast concrete plant a representative correlation curve of the whole slab on the track, nevertheless, it was possible to record a good indication that it is possible to obtain good correlations for future research.

I en byggnad kan ljud och vibrationer från steg spridas och dessa ljud kan störa de människor som vistas i byggnaden. Stegljudsisoleringsförmågan hos ett bjälklag beror på hur det är konstruerat och hur hög styvhet och massa bjälklaget har. I detta arbete undersöks stegljudsisoleringen hos tre bjälklagstyper. Dessa är monterade i befintliga byggnader, belägna i Växjö och ägda av fastighetsbolaget Videum.   Syftet med arbetet var att undersöka vilket av de tre bjälklagstyperna som är bäst lämpat att ha i en kontors- eller universitetsbyggnad, med avseende på akustik. Vidare var syftet att undersöka vilket av dessa tre bjälklag som avskärmar stegljud i horisontalled mest effektivt. Målet med arbetet har varit att genomföra en standardiserad stegljudsmätning och en enkätundersökning för att kunna fastställa vilket av de undersökta bjälklagen som har bäst stegljudsisolering. Data från dessa undersökningar har analyserats och beräknats.   Resultatet från stegljudsmätning och enkätundersökning visar att det bjälklag som avskärmar stegljud bäst är KL-träskiva med betongpågjutning. De undersökta bjälklagskonstruktionerna inklusive anslutningar till väggar är inte helt jämförbara och därför bör det nämnas att resultaten avser konstruktionslösningen som helhet och inte enbart själva bjälklaget. / Sound and vibration which originate from footsteps can spread in a building and may disturb the people who residence it. Ability to insulate impact sound varies depending on how the joists system is designed and how high its stiffness and mass are. In this thesis the impact sound insulation of three different joists systems will be examined. The joists systems are installed in existing buildings located in Växjö, Sweden and owned by the real estate company Videum.   The purpose of the thesis was to examine which of the three different joists systems that is most suitable for office- and university buildings, concerning acoustics. Furthermore, the purpose was to examine which of the joists systems that has the best ability to sequester impact sound horizontally. The goal with the thesis was to perform a standardized impact sound insulation measurement and a survey to determine which of the joists systems that has the best impact sound insulation. All data was analyzed and calculated.   The results show that the CLT board with a concrete layer reduces the impact sound most efficiently. However, it should be mentioned that the designs of the objects are not fully comparable and therefore the results relate to the entire design including the wall floor connection, rather than to the joists systems alone.

Prestressed hollow core slabs are essential components in structures such as bridges, parking garages, marine structures, and commercial and industrial buildings. Material degradation and altered functional requirements may seriously threaten the structural integrity of these reinforced concrete structures. Using FRP composites, the NSM strengthening technique presents a viable solution to these challenges. However, further investigation is required to establish comprehensive empirical design guidelines. The intent of this research project is to investigate the NSM technique in conjunction with common design concepts such as prestressed concrete, precast hollow core slabs, the complex behaviour of disturbed regions, and fiber-reinforced composite materials. An experimental program was developed, which included eleven full-scale slab specimens, subject to a four-point load configuration. The main parameters included the prestressing reinforcement ratio, CFRP strengthening ratio, and in-service opening location. Experimental results showed that prestressed concrete strengthened in flexure with NSM-CFRP is a viable technique for lower reinforcement ratios.