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The digital in-line holographic configuration is motivated by the goal of developing a portable, cost effective sensor system for pre-screening patient blood samples. The theory of holography is explained from the foundational concepts in scalar diffraction theory all the way through to the implementation of reconstruction algorithms. Methods for the enhancement of holographic reconstructions are described. The algorithms that perform an automated count of the reconstructed objects are described and demonstrated. Simulated and experimental results are provided. Together, the lens-free holographic microscopy of micro-sized particles along with the application of image processing techniques for the automated detection and counting of objects of interest, provide a component towards realising a sensor system that can be used for pre-screening patient blood samples. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / CSIR / Computer Science / MSc / Unrestricted

Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent) / The research is aimed at investigating and finding alternatives to the physical necessity of producing and storing plaster casts or stone models of the tissues of the mouth. The quest for time and space is universal and the successful management of both results in stress free, financially stable and uncluttered work circumstances. Study models do playa very important role in diagnostics and treatment planning as well as communicating final results in Dentistry, especially in Orthodontic practice. Conventional study models are bulky, fragile, and expensive diagnostic tools produced from impressions taken of the patient's mouth and cast in plaster or stone. The storage of these records creates major space problems, and recalling or retrieving models at some later stage also causes logistical problems. Ideally, the tissues of the mouth could be scanned and from this a 3-D image produced on screen, which could later be milled (machining process of reproducing, explained in Appendix B) if necessary. Three dimensionally accurate, visually pleasing, reproducible, measurable and retrievable records, would be the solution. Computerizing dental records has already revolutionized the industry in the fields of Radiology and written patient data. This information is available at the click of a mouse, and integrated diagnostic tools can be displayed on screen. A thorough investigation of all methods of capturing dental data and 3D images from previously researched and publicized studies was conducted before attempting the latest technology. The final project involved: 1. requesting an introductory and explanatory demonstration on the scanning possibilities in South Africa 2. organizing and attending a demonstration of the laser and contact scanner on study models and impressions. 3. undergoing training in the use of a contact scanner. Computerizing of these results and comparing data derived from analyzing both study models and impressions, manually and digitally. 4. researching and collecting of data with engineering professionals, to establish the validity and viability of this method ( aiming to use uncomplicated, widely accepted and thoroughly applicable basic criteria in all experiments.) 5. evaluation of data statistically by a statistician. Discussion: Digitizing and computerizing of images derived from scanning the models or impressions offers the most attractive alternative for record keeping. Laser scanning disappointed in general due to the relative unavailability in South Africa, the expensive nature of the service elsewhere and limiting factors due to the sensitivity of the laser beam. It is the most promising alternative in future research, because of improved accuracy, higher speed of scanning, uniformity and reproducibility. Contact scanning proved to be available, reliable and adjustable. In most applications, the best results in terms of accuracy and quality of surface finish are obtained using contact scanning. The disadvantage of this method is the time factor and therefore it becomes expensive and economically not viable. The direct scanning of impressions, albeit with laser or contact scanning, remains a scientific and clinical viable option. Conclusion: Digital imaging is still a young technology and many aspects are not yet completely explored. It is a promising technology and its significance is increasing because it opens the door to diagnostic information. Another important development is that the software for digital imaging will become more integrated with other computerized dental applications in the dental office, enabling patient data between different and remote practices to be exchanged more easily. Further progress is not limited by a lack of available image processing tools but rather by our restricted understanding of the various components of diagnostic imaging in dentistry. A Bioengineering exhibition mounted by the University of Munich during a December 2000 conference, displayed a specially adapted CT Scanner that could scan information directly from the mouth. This leads to more possibilities of deriving images without impressions or study casts.

Cette thèse se concentre sur des aspects de dualités holographiques reliant une théorie gravitationnelle en trois dimensions à une théorie des champs sur le bord de cette espace, c'est-à-dire en dimensions deux. Dans le premier chapitre, nous passons en revue diverses méthodes, utilisées tout au long de la thèse, pour calculer des quantités conservées en théorie de jauge et plus particulièrement en gravitation. Ensuite, dans le deuxième chapitre, nous rappelons le cas d'école des espaces-temps localement anti-de Sitter (AdS) à trois dimensions et de leur théorie duale, les théories des champs conformes en deux dimensions. Les chapitres trois et quatre sont dédiés à la présentation d'espaces-temps non-AdS considérés dans cette thèse et de la dualité dans laquelle ils sont impliqués. Le premier s'intéresse aux espace-temps warped AdS, qui peuvent être vus comme une déformation d'AdS. Leur théorie des champs duale serait une théorie des champs conforme warped. Le second se concentre sur des solutions cosmologiques, localement plates, qui seraient duales à des théories des champs invariantes sous le groupe BMS$_3$ (groupe de symétrie des espaces asymptotiquement plats). Dans le chapitre cinq, nous révisons des notions de thermodynamique que nous utiliserons pour discuter des transitions de phase entre deux géométries appartenant au même espace des phases. Par exemple, entre l'espaces-temps AdS thermique et le trou noir localement AdS. La partie originale de la thèse traite d'abord des solutions maximalement symétriques dans n'importe quelle théorie invariante sous difféomorphisme. Nous prouvons que le calcul d'entropie gravitationnel est reproduit par le comptage asymptotique d'états dans la théorie duale. Ce travail est étendu au cas des espaces-temps warped. Nous montrons également que leur entropie du bulk et du bord sont en correspondance et ce pour toutes théories de gravitation. Ceci constitue une vérification non triviale des correspondances holographiques. Nous étudions aussi leurs transitions de phase. Finalement, nous posons les premières pierres d'une nouvelle correspondance holographique, impliquant une corde noire, en trouvant un ensemble de conditions au bord cohérent. Nous discutons également la thermodynamique des cordes noires. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

L'utilisation des rayons X est indispensable pour obtenir la résolution spatiale de la dizaine de nanomètres. La durée de ces flashs va de la dizaine de femtosecondes (1 fs =10-15 s) à la centaine d'attosecondes (1as=10-18 s). Durant ce laps de temps, les nano-objets n'ont pas le temps d'évoluer, assurant l'obtention d'une image précise. En excitant les nano-objets entre deux flashs de rayons X, il est alors possible de suivre sont évolution temporelle et ainsi de réaliser un « film » de son évolution suite à une excitation. Cette information est extrêmement importante car elle permettra d'identifier les états structuraux intermédiaires des nano-objets qui sont connus comme étant les plus importants pour comprendre leur pouvoir réactionnel.Ce genre d'études vient uniquement de débuter dans le monde en raison de l'apparition très récente des sources de rayons X suffisamment brèves et intenses pour réaliser ce genre d'images. La source de référence est un laser dit à « électrons libres » (LEL) dont il existe trois exemplaires au monde, en Allemagne, aux USA et au Japon. Le faible nombre d'exemplaires provient du coût extrêmement élevé de cette machine. Depuis plusieurs années, nous avons montré au LOA que les lasers pouvaient produire un rayonnement X femtoseconde et suffisamment intense pour réaliser des images de nano-objets avec des résolutions spatiales et temporelles équivalentes à celles obtenues sur LEL.La présente thèse a etait construite autour de trois phases : réalisation d'une source de rayons X polarisés circulairement, réalisation d'un nouveau système plus performant d'imagerie, et test sur des échantillons possédants des nano-structures dont la vitesse d'évolution après excitation est prévue aux environs de 100 fs. Ces études ont eu lieu ao LOA, LCLS, Laboratoire de Chimie-Physique, Matière et Rayonnement (LCPMR) et le CEA de Saclay et BESSY-II en Alemagne. Ils ont permis de acquérir une forte expertise en imagerie nanométrique basée sur la nouvelle technique que nous avons développé. / The use of X-rays is fundamental to obtain a spatial resolution in the order of the dozen of nanometers. The duration of the flashes of radiation is placed between the dozen of femtoseconds (1 fs =10-15 s) to the hundreds of attoseconds (1as=10-18 s). During this time frame nano-objects are static in time, image wise it translates as a precise image. Exciting these nano-objects with flashes of X-ray beams it is possible to follow its temporal evolution and record a "movie" of the evolution due to excitation. This type of information is extremely important since it can allow the identification of intermediary structural states and therefore attaining a better understanding of their reactional power.This type of studies it is making its debut in the scientific community due to the recent development of ultra-fast and intense X-ray sources needed to perform this type of imaging. The referenced source is a free electron laser (FEL) and there are only tree of them in the world nowadays. One in Germany, one in the USA and one in Japan. The small amount of FELs is mainly due to its elevated costs. From some years the LOA has shown that lasers can also provide an X-ray beam in the femtosecond region and intense enough to produce images of nano-objects with equivalent temporal and spatial resolutions.This present thesis was built in tree phases: realization of an X-ray laser source, circularly polarized; realization of a new improved imaging system and testing of the nano-samples possessing nano-structures. These nano-structures have a velocity of evolution after excitation in the range of 100 fs. These studies have had place at LOA, LCLS, Laboratoire de Chimie-Physique, Matière et Rayonnement (LCPMR), the CEA de Saclay, BESSY-II in Germany. These cooperations have insured a specific training and expertise in the world of nanometric imaging based on the new technique developed during this work.

Thesis advisor: Kevin Bedell / Using the AdS/CFT correspondence, it has been shown that the ratio of shear viscosity to entropy density is bounded from below in strongly coupled field theories with a gravity dual. More recently, this bound has been shown to be grossly violated in novel non-Fermi liquids and the unitary Fermi gas in the presence of superfluid fluctuations above T_c. Nevertheless, a holographic approach to such systems which break the lower bound have been strongly reliant on AdS spacetimes with massive gravitons. In this work, we propose a violation of the viscosity over entropy bound in 3+1 dimensional AdS spacetimes that support stable black hole solutions with non-zero scalar field. Such a black hole is shown to be characterized by a novel phase transition at large negative mass, where the underlying thermodynamics agrees with the Larkin-Ovchinnikov-Fulde-Ferrell (LOFF)-like phase seen in the unitary Fermi gas near Tc and the bound is similarly broken. Such a work paves the way for a holographic description of strongly-entangled quantum fluids at high Reynolds number. / Thesis (BS) — Boston College, 2021. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Scholar of the College. / Discipline: Physics.

Metasurfaces are nanostructured interfaces capable of manipulating the phase, amplitude, or polarization of free-space light. ‘Local’ metasurfaces typically control the wavefront shape of spectrally broadband light to generate devices such as flat lenses, holograms, and beam steerers. In contrast, ‘nonlocal’ metasurfaces, such as photonic crystals, support spatially-extended optical modes that govern the transmission or reflection spectrum. Therefore, local metasurfaces typically offer spatial control over incident light but not spectral control, while nonlocal metasurfaces impose spectral but not spatial control. This thesis explores nonlocal dielectric metasurfaces with simultaneous spatial and spectral control such that they shape the wavefront only for spectrally narrowband resonant modes but act like an unpatterned substrate for non-resonant light. These devices are formulated from a rational design scheme based on symmetry arguments. Chapter 1 reviews the theoretical basis for these devices. Chapters 2 and 3 discuss experimental demonstrations of nonlocal wavefront-shaping metasurfaces in the near-infrared and visible wavelength regions, respectively. Our initial experimental demonstrations in the near-infrared in silicon metasurfaces were the first verification of their theoretical proposal. In the visible, experimental results of metasurfaces made of silicon-rich silicon nitride suggest potential applications in transparent displays, augmented reality headsets, and quantum optics. Significantly, our nonlocal metasurfaces form a versatile platform for multifunctional and multicolor meta-optics that shape the wavefront distinctively at several different resonant wavelengths, which we have experimentally demonstrated in both the near-infrared and the visible. Chapters 4 and 5 discuss conceptualization and experimentally demonstration of thermally-tunable nonlocal wavefront-shaping metasurfaces. Reconfigurable photonic devices such as zoom lenses and dynamic holograms have posed a substantial challenge and captured the interest of the optics community. We leverage the enhanced light-matter interaction in our nonlocal wavefront-shaping metasurfaces to realize tunable wavefront-shaping using conventional dielectric materials and standard nanofabrication procedures. The operating principle of these devices is that tuning the refractive index of the device with the thermo-optic effect can align or detune the resonant wavelength of a mode from the wavelength of a narrowband incident light source, and the wavefront is shaped only when the optical resonance is spectrally aligned with the incident light. Experimentally, we have demonstrated nonlocal metasurfaces based on structured germanium thin films whose functionality can be thermally switched between that of two different lenses. The thesis is concluded with a section on future prospects.

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Acoustical-based imaging techniques have found merit in determining the behavior of vibrating structures. These techniques are commonly used in numerous applications to obtain detailed noise source information and energy distributions on source surfaces. This thesis focuses on the continued development of the nearfield acoustic holography (NAH) approach. Conventional NAH consists of first capturing pressure data on a two-dimensional conformal measurement contour in the nearfield of the radiating source. These data are then propagated back to the vibrating structure to obtain the normal velocity profile on the source surface. With the source surface velocity profile known, the acoustic pressure, particle velocity, and intensity generated by the source can be reconstructed anywhere in space. The precision of source reconstruction is reliant upon accurate measurement of the pressure field at the hologram surface. For complex acoustic fields this requires fine spatial resolution and therefore demands large microphone arrays. In this thesis, a technique is developed for performing NAH using energy-based measurements. Recent advancements in the area of acoustic sensing technology have made particle velocity field information more readily available. Because energy-based measurements provide directional information about the field, a more accurate measurement of the pressure field is obtained. It is proposed that an energy-based system will significantly reduce the number of measurements required to perform NAH without sacrificing accuracy. Significantly reducing the number of measurements required to perform NAH will reduce the time, and therefore the expense, of using NAH as an analysis tool. Many potential applications exist for an improved NAH measurement method in the automobile and aerospace industries. These industries provide numerous large-scale applications where employing time-consuming scanning methods is not cost-effective. This is especially the case for airplane in-flight passenger noise tests, where the expense of operating the airplane is extremely high. Therefore, even a small savings in data acquisition time would be very beneficial.

Acoustical-based imaging systems have found merit in determining the behavior of vibrating structures. This thesis focuses on the continued development of the nearfield acoustic holography (NAH) approach. Conventional NAH consists of first measuring the pressure field on a two-dimensional conformal surface and then propagating this data back to the vibrating structure to obtain information about the source, such as the normal velocity distribution. Recent work has been done which incorporates particle velocity information into the traditional NAH measurements to reduce the number of measurements required. This advancement has made NAH a more affordable tool for acoustical imaging and sound field characterization. It is proposed that the inclusion of velocity information into traditional NAH can further increase its usefulness. By propagating the velocity and pressure values independently and recombining them on the reconstruction surface, the pressure field and energy density fields can be predicted at any point in the sound field. It is also proposed that the same NAH measurement can be used to predict farfield directivity. The inclusion of velocity values into the NAH technique also provides a means for predicting energy density (ED) anywhere within the acoustic field. These two developments would allow a single NAH measurement to provide much more information about an acoustic source and its radiated sound field. Experimental testing shows that NAH is successful at predicting the shape of the resulting ED field and directivity pattern with some error in amplitude. The best performance of the technique is with a planer source resulting in an average amplitude error of 18.5% over the entire field.