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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Quasi-Biennial Oscillation och dess påverkan på klimatet i troposfären / The Quasi-Biennial Oscillation and its Effects on the Tropospheric Climate

Oliver, Nordvall January 2018 (has links)
The Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) is the strongest phenomena influencing the stratopheric (~15-50 km height) circulation over the equator. QBO has two phases of downward propagating easterly and westerly winds, which has a total period of approximately 28 months and the phase is defined by the wind direction between the airpressure 25-50 hPa, which is roughly at a height of 30 km. QBO is induced by atmospheric gravity waves originating from the troposphere (~0-15 km height) and are generated by a plethora of sources, such as tropical convection and wind shear. The winds propagate downward at about 1 km per month through the stratosphere until reaching the tropopause (~15 km height) where they dissipate. The wind speed is at its maximum in the middle of the phase, where the wind shear is at its lowest, and the easterly winds can grow up to 30 m/s whilst the westerly winds reach roughly 15 m/s. Although the QBO is an equatorial phenomena it has a poleward component radiating its signal from the tropics to the higher latitudes where it affects other circulations such as the stratospheric polar vortex on the northern hemisphere (NH). The polar vortex consists of westerly winds around the polar region and is a major influence on the winter climate on the NH and thereby allows the QBO to indirectly affect the tropospheric climate through it. The easterly QBO disturbs and weakens the polar vortex, which results in warm subtropical air penetrating the vortex and warming the Arctic region whereas the polar air is released southward creating a colder winter on the NH. The westerly QBO on the other hand enhances the polar vortex and contains the cool polar air over the Arctic, which results in a milder winter. The correlation between QBO and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) as well as the tropical cyclones (TC) has either changed (ENSO) or completely disappeared (TC). The ENSO-QBO correlation depends on which phase of ENSO coincide with which phase of QBO, where El Niño coinciding with easterly QBO and La Niña coinciding with westerly QBO results in wind anomalies in the NH stratosphere. If the opposite combination takes place the wind anomalies will instead be situated in the subtropical troposphere, displacing the subtropical jet poleward. To what extent these stratospheric winds exert their influence is to some degree still uncertain, but that they have an effect on the tropospheric climate is unbeknownst to no one. / Cirkulationen i den ekvatoriella stratosfären (ca 15-50 km höjd) domineras av Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO), ett zonalt (parallellt ekvatorn) vindfenomen med två faser bestående av östliga respektive västliga vindar och en period på ca 28 månader. Fasen definieras mellan lufttrycken 25-50 hPa, vilket representerar en höjd på ca 30 km. Drivkraften bakom QBO är ett brett spektrum av atmosfäriska gravitationsvågor som skapas genom bland annat den tropiska konvektionen, vindskjuvning och frontsystem. Vindarna propagerar vertikalt nedåt genom stratosfären med ungefär 1 km per månad tills de når tropopausen (ca 15 km) där vindarna försvagas kraftigt till ett zonalt medelvärde på 0 m/s. Vindhastigheten under östlig QBO uppgår i ca 30 m/s medan västlig QBO uppgår i ca 15 m/s, och är maximal i höga stratosfären samt i mitten av faserna där vindskjuvningen är minimal. QBO sprider sig meridionalt (nord-syd) från tropikerna till högre breddgrader genom stratosfären där andra fenomen som den stratosfäriska polarvirveln kan påverkas på norra halvklotet (NH). Polarvirveln består av västliga vindar i stratosfären runt polarregionen och är en stor influens på vinterklimatet i framförallt Europa och Nordamerika. Genom polarvirveln kan QBO indirekt påverka klimatet i troposfären (ca 0-15 km), där den östliga fasen av QBO försvagar medan den västliga fasen av QBO förstärker polarvirveln. En försvagad polarvirvel innebär en varmare medeltemperatur på Arktis och att kallare polarluft söker sig söderut och orsakar kalla vintertemperaturer. Troposfäriska klimatfenomen som El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) och tropiska cykloner (TC) har uppvisat ett samband till QBO, men sedan förändrats (ENSO) eller helt försvunnit (TC). ENSO-QBO korrelationen förändras beroende på vilken fas QBO respektive ENSO är i relativt varandra. Då El Niño sammanfaller med östliga QBO samt La Niña sammanfaller med västliga QBO uppstår vindanomalier vid höga latituder i NH:s stratosfär, medan vid omvända sambandet förflyttar sig vindanomalierna till subtropikerna i troposfären och kan där förskjuta den subtropiska jetströmmen norrut. Att de stratosfäriska vindarna påverkar troposfären är känt, men hur och till vilken grad är ännu inte uppenbart. På grund av den korta tidsperiod med kontinuerliga och tillförlitliga vindmätningar i stratosfären uppkommer flera hypotetiska effekter av QBO och dess påverkan på klimatet i troposfären.
2

Tropical stratosphere variability and extratropical teleconnections

Schenzinger, Verena January 2016 (has links)
The Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) is the dominant pattern of variability in the tropical stratosphere. Despite a well established theory regarding its generation in the atmosphere, the simulation in global climate models remains difficult. A set of metrics assessing the quality of model simulations is presented in this study. The QBO simulations in models submitted to the CMIP5 and CCMVal-2 intercomparison projects are characterised and compared to radiosonde observations and reanalysis datasets. Common model biases and their potential causes are addressed. As the QBO has a long intrinsic period, knowing its influences on other parts of the climate system can be used to improve long range forecasts. These teleconnections of the QBO in observations are investigated using composite analysis, multilinear regression and a novel approach called causal effect networks (CEN). Findings from these analyses confirm previous results of the QBO modulating the stratospheric polar vortex and subsequently the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). They also suggest that it is important to take the equatorial zonal mean zonal wind vertical profile into account when studying teleconnections, rather than the more traditional method of using just one single level. While QBO influences on the Northern Hemisphere winter polar vortex and the NAO are more clearly established, interactions within the tropics remain inconclusive. Regression analysis does not show a connection between the QBO and the MJO, whereas the CEN analysis does. Further studies are needed to understand the interaction mechanisms near the equator. Finally, following the unprecedented disruption of the QBO cycle in the winter 2015/16, the event is described and a model analogue from the MPI-ESM-MR historical simulation is presented. Future implications are unclear, although model projections indicate more frequent QBO irregularities in a warming climate.

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